From 3fbd61fbbbfa7ae15cd3f3e2ff7a97e106be2b43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001

From: Dave Anderson <anderson@redhat.com>

Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2013 12:42:46 -0500

Subject: [PATCH] crash-driver

Bugzilla: N/A

Upstream-status: Fedora mustard

---

 arch/arm/include/asm/crash-driver.h     |   6 ++

 arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h   |   6 ++

 arch/ia64/include/asm/crash-driver.h    |  90 ++++++++++++++++++++++

 arch/ia64/kernel/ia64_ksyms.c           |   3 +

 arch/powerpc/include/asm/crash-driver.h |   6 ++

 arch/s390/include/asm/crash-driver.h    |  60 +++++++++++++++

 arch/s390/mm/maccess.c                  |   2 +

 arch/x86/include/asm/crash-driver.h     |   6 ++

 drivers/char/Kconfig                    |   3 +

 drivers/char/Makefile                   |   2 +

 drivers/char/crash.c                    | 128 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

 include/asm-generic/crash-driver.h      |  72 ++++++++++++++++++

 12 files changed, 384 insertions(+)

 create mode 100644 arch/arm/include/asm/crash-driver.h

 create mode 100644 arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

 create mode 100644 arch/ia64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

 create mode 100644 arch/powerpc/include/asm/crash-driver.h

 create mode 100644 arch/s390/include/asm/crash-driver.h

 create mode 100644 arch/x86/include/asm/crash-driver.h

 create mode 100644 drivers/char/crash.c

 create mode 100644 include/asm-generic/crash-driver.h

diff --git a/arch/arm/include/asm/crash-driver.h b/arch/arm/include/asm/crash-driver.h

new file mode 100644

index 0000000..06e7ae9

--- /dev/null

+++ b/arch/arm/include/asm/crash-driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@

+#ifndef _ARM_CRASH_H

+#define _ARM_CRASH_H

+

+#include <asm-generic/crash-driver.h>

+

+#endif /* _ARM_CRASH_H */

diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

new file mode 100644

index 0000000..43b26da

--- /dev/null

+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@

+#ifndef _ARM64_CRASH_H

+#define _ARM64_CRASH_H

+

+#include <asm-generic/crash-driver.h>

+

+#endif /* _ARM64_CRASH_H */

diff --git a/arch/ia64/include/asm/crash-driver.h b/arch/ia64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

new file mode 100644

index 0000000..404bcb9

--- /dev/null

+++ b/arch/ia64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@

+#ifndef _ASM_IA64_CRASH_H

+#define _ASM_IA64_CRASH_H

+

+/*

+ * linux/include/asm-ia64/crash-driver.h

+ *

+ * Copyright (c) 2004 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.

+ *

+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify

+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)

+ * any later version.

+ *

+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

+ * GNU General Public License for more details.

+ *

+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software

+ * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

+ *

+ */

+

+#ifdef __KERNEL__

+

+#include <linux/efi.h>

+#include <linux/mm.h>

+#include <asm/mmzone.h>

+

+static inline void *

+map_virtual(u64 offset, struct page **pp)

+{

+	struct page *page;

+	unsigned long pfn;

+	u32 type;

+

+	if (REGION_NUMBER(offset) == 5) {

+		char byte;

+

+		if (__get_user(byte, (char *)offset) == 0)

+			return (void *)offset;

+		else

+			return NULL;

+	}

+

+	switch (type = efi_mem_type(offset))

+	{

+	case EFI_LOADER_CODE:

+	case EFI_LOADER_DATA:

+	case EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_CODE:

+	case EFI_BOOT_SERVICES_DATA:

+	case EFI_CONVENTIONAL_MEMORY:

+		break;

+

+	default:

+		printk(KERN_INFO

+		    "crash memory driver: invalid memory type for %lx: %d\n",

+			offset, type);

+		return NULL;

+	}

+

+	pfn = offset >> PAGE_SHIFT;

+

+	if (!pfn_valid(pfn)) {

+		printk(KERN_INFO

+			"crash memory driver: invalid pfn: %lx )\n", pfn);

+		return NULL;

+	}

+

+	page = pfn_to_page(pfn);

+

+	if (!page->virtual) {

+		printk(KERN_INFO

+		    "crash memory driver: offset: %lx page: %lx page->virtual: NULL\n",

+			offset, (unsigned long)page);

+		return NULL;

+	}

+

+	return (page->virtual + (offset & (PAGE_SIZE-1)));

+}

+

+static inline void unmap_virtual(struct page *page)

+{

+	return;

+}

+

+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */

+

+#endif /* _ASM_IA64_CRASH_H */

diff --git a/arch/ia64/kernel/ia64_ksyms.c b/arch/ia64/kernel/ia64_ksyms.c

index 0967310..e888878 100644

--- a/arch/ia64/kernel/ia64_ksyms.c

+++ b/arch/ia64/kernel/ia64_ksyms.c

@@ -84,6 +84,9 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(ia64_save_scratch_fpregs);

 #include <asm/unwind.h>

 EXPORT_SYMBOL(unw_init_running);

+#include <linux/efi.h>

+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(efi_mem_type);

+

 #if defined(CONFIG_IA64_ESI) || defined(CONFIG_IA64_ESI_MODULE)

 extern void esi_call_phys (void);

 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(esi_call_phys);

diff --git a/arch/powerpc/include/asm/crash-driver.h b/arch/powerpc/include/asm/crash-driver.h

new file mode 100644

index 0000000..50092d9

--- /dev/null

+++ b/arch/powerpc/include/asm/crash-driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@

+#ifndef _PPC64_CRASH_H

+#define _PPC64_CRASH_H

+

+#include <asm-generic/crash-driver.h>

+

+#endif /* _PPC64_CRASH_H */

diff --git a/arch/s390/include/asm/crash-driver.h b/arch/s390/include/asm/crash-driver.h

new file mode 100644

index 0000000..552be5e

--- /dev/null

+++ b/arch/s390/include/asm/crash-driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@

+#ifndef _S390_CRASH_H

+#define _S390_CRASH_H

+

+#ifdef __KERNEL__

+

+#include <linux/mm.h>

+#include <linux/highmem.h>

+

+/*

+ * For swapped prefix pages get bounce buffer using xlate_dev_mem_ptr()

+ */

+static inline void *map_virtual(u64 offset, struct page **pp)

+{

+	struct page *page;

+	unsigned long pfn;

+	void *vaddr;

+

+	vaddr = xlate_dev_mem_ptr(offset);

+	pfn = ((unsigned long) vaddr) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

+	if ((unsigned long) vaddr != offset)

+		page = pfn_to_page(pfn);

+	else

+		page = NULL;

+

+	if (!page_is_ram(pfn)) {

+		printk(KERN_INFO

+		    "crash memory driver: !page_is_ram(pfn: %lx)\n", pfn);

+		return NULL;

+	}

+

+	if (!pfn_valid(pfn)) {

+		printk(KERN_INFO

+		    "crash memory driver: invalid pfn: %lx )\n", pfn);

+		return NULL;

+	}

+

+	*pp = page;

+	return vaddr;

+}

+

+/*

+ * Free bounce buffer if necessary

+ */

+static inline void unmap_virtual(struct page *page)

+{

+	void *vaddr;

+

+	if (page) {

+		/*

+		 * Because for bounce buffers vaddr will never be 0

+		 * unxlate_dev_mem_ptr() will always free the bounce buffer.

+		 */

+		vaddr = (void *)(page_to_pfn(page) << PAGE_SHIFT);

+		unxlate_dev_mem_ptr(0, vaddr);

+	}

+}

+

+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */

+

+#endif /* _S390_CRASH_H */

diff --git a/arch/s390/mm/maccess.c b/arch/s390/mm/maccess.c

index 792f9c6..3197995 100644

--- a/arch/s390/mm/maccess.c

+++ b/arch/s390/mm/maccess.c

@@ -201,6 +201,7 @@ void *xlate_dev_mem_ptr(phys_addr_t addr)

 	put_online_cpus();

 	return bounce;

 }

+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(xlate_dev_mem_ptr);

 /*

  * Free converted buffer for /dev/mem access (if necessary)

@@ -210,3 +211,4 @@ void unxlate_dev_mem_ptr(phys_addr_t addr, void *buf)

 	if ((void *) addr != buf)

 		free_page((unsigned long) buf);

 }

+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(unxlate_dev_mem_ptr);

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/crash-driver.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/crash-driver.h

new file mode 100644

index 0000000..fd4736e

--- /dev/null

+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/crash-driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@

+#ifndef _X86_CRASH_H

+#define _X86_CRASH_H

+

+#include <asm-generic/crash-driver.h>

+

+#endif /* _X86_CRASH_H */

diff --git a/drivers/char/Kconfig b/drivers/char/Kconfig

index fdb8f3e..7dd3a49 100644

--- a/drivers/char/Kconfig

+++ b/drivers/char/Kconfig

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@

 menu "Character devices"

+config CRASH

+	tristate "Crash Utility memory driver"

+

 source "drivers/tty/Kconfig"

 config DEVMEM

diff --git a/drivers/char/Makefile b/drivers/char/Makefile

index 55d16bf..a40ace9 100644

--- a/drivers/char/Makefile

+++ b/drivers/char/Makefile

@@ -61,3 +61,5 @@ js-rtc-y = rtc.o

 obj-$(CONFIG_TILE_SROM)		+= tile-srom.o

 obj-$(CONFIG_XILLYBUS)		+= xillybus/

 obj-$(CONFIG_POWERNV_OP_PANEL)	+= powernv-op-panel.o

+

+obj-$(CONFIG_CRASH)            += crash.o

diff --git a/drivers/char/crash.c b/drivers/char/crash.c

new file mode 100644

index 0000000..085378a

--- /dev/null

+++ b/drivers/char/crash.c

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@

+/*

+ *  linux/drivers/char/crash.c

+ *

+ *  Copyright (C) 2004  Dave Anderson <anderson@redhat.com>

+ *  Copyright (C) 2004  Red Hat, Inc.

+ */

+

+/******************************************************************************

+ *

+ *   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify

+ *   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

+ *   the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)

+ *   any later version.

+ *

+ *   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

+ *   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

+ *   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

+ *   GNU General Public License for more details.

+ *

+ *   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

+ *   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software

+ *   Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

+ *

+ *****************************************************************************/

+

+#include <linux/module.h>

+#include <linux/types.h>

+#include <linux/miscdevice.h>

+#include <linux/init.h>

+#include <asm/io.h>

+#include <asm/uaccess.h>

+#include <asm/types.h>

+#include <asm/crash-driver.h>

+

+#define CRASH_VERSION   "1.0"

+

+/*

+ *  These are the file operation functions that allow crash utility

+ *  access to physical memory.

+ */

+

+static loff_t

+crash_llseek(struct file * file, loff_t offset, int orig)

+{

+	switch (orig) {

+	case 0:

+		file->f_pos = offset;

+		return file->f_pos;

+	case 1:

+		file->f_pos += offset;

+		return file->f_pos;

+	default:

+		return -EINVAL;

+	}

+}

+

+/*

+ *  Determine the page address for an address offset value,

+ *  get a virtual address for it, and copy it out.

+ *  Accesses must fit within a page.

+ */

+static ssize_t

+crash_read(struct file *file, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *poff)

+{

+	void *vaddr;

+	struct page *page;

+	u64 offset;

+	ssize_t read;

+

+	offset = *poff;

+	if (offset >> PAGE_SHIFT != (offset+count-1) >> PAGE_SHIFT)

+		return -EINVAL;

+

+	vaddr = map_virtual(offset, &page);

+	if (!vaddr)

+		return -EFAULT;

+

+	if (copy_to_user(buf, vaddr, count)) {

+		unmap_virtual(page);

+		return -EFAULT;

+	}

+	unmap_virtual(page);

+

+	read = count;

+	*poff += read;

+	return read;

+}

+

+static struct file_operations crash_fops = {

+	.owner = THIS_MODULE,

+	.llseek = crash_llseek,

+	.read = crash_read,

+};

+

+static struct miscdevice crash_dev = {

+	MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,

+	"crash",

+	&crash_fops

+};

+

+static int __init

+crash_init(void)

+{

+	int ret;

+

+	ret = misc_register(&crash_dev);

+	if (ret) {

+		printk(KERN_ERR

+		    "crash memory driver: cannot misc_register (MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR)\n");

+		goto out;

+	}

+

+	ret = 0;

+	printk(KERN_INFO "crash memory driver: version %s\n", CRASH_VERSION);

+out:

+	return ret;

+}

+

+static void __exit

+crash_cleanup_module(void)

+{

+	misc_deregister(&crash_dev);

+}

+

+module_init(crash_init);

+module_exit(crash_cleanup_module);

+

+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");

diff --git a/include/asm-generic/crash-driver.h b/include/asm-generic/crash-driver.h

new file mode 100644

index 0000000..25ab986

--- /dev/null

+++ b/include/asm-generic/crash-driver.h

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@

+#ifndef __CRASH_H__

+#define __CRASH_H__

+

+/*

+ * include/linux/crash-driver.h

+ *

+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.

+ *

+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify

+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by

+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)

+ * any later version.

+ *

+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of

+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the

+ * GNU General Public License for more details.

+ *

+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License

+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software

+ * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

+ *

+ */

+

+#ifdef __KERNEL__

+

+#include <linux/mm.h>

+#include <linux/highmem.h>

+

+static inline void *

+map_virtual(u64 offset, struct page **pp)

+{

+	struct page *page;

+	unsigned long pfn;

+	void *vaddr;

+

+	pfn = (unsigned long)(offset >> PAGE_SHIFT);

+

+	if (!page_is_ram(pfn)) {

+		printk(KERN_INFO

+		    "crash memory driver: !page_is_ram(pfn: %lx)\n", pfn);

+		return NULL;

+	}

+

+	if (!pfn_valid(pfn)) {

+		printk(KERN_INFO

+		    "crash memory driver: invalid pfn: %lx )\n", pfn);

+		return NULL;

+	}

+

+	page = pfn_to_page(pfn);

+

+	vaddr = kmap(page);

+	if (!vaddr) {

+		printk(KERN_INFO

+		    "crash memory driver: pfn: %lx kmap(page: %lx) failed\n",

+			pfn, (unsigned long)page);

+		return NULL;

+	}

+

+	*pp = page;

+	return (vaddr + (offset & (PAGE_SIZE-1)));

+}

+

+static inline void unmap_virtual(struct page *page)

+{

+	kunmap(page);

+}

+

+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */

+

+#endif /* __CRASH_H__ */

-- 

2.9.2

From 7523c19e1d22fbabeaeae9520c16a78202c0eefe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001

From: Fedora Kernel Team <kernel-team@fedoraproject.org>

Date: Tue, 20 Sep 2016 19:39:46 +0200

Subject: [PATCH] Update of crash driver to handle CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY and

 to restrict the supported architectures.

---

 drivers/char/Kconfig |  1 +

 drivers/char/crash.c | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---

 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/char/Kconfig b/drivers/char/Kconfig

index 99b99d5..be6a3ae 100644

--- a/drivers/char/Kconfig

+++ b/drivers/char/Kconfig

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ menu "Character devices"

 config CRASH

 	tristate "Crash Utility memory driver"

+	depends on X86_32 || X86_64 || ARM || ARM64 || PPC64 || S390

 source "drivers/tty/Kconfig"

diff --git a/drivers/char/crash.c b/drivers/char/crash.c

index 085378a..0258bf8 100644

--- a/drivers/char/crash.c

+++ b/drivers/char/crash.c

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@

 #include <asm/types.h>

 #include <asm/crash-driver.h>

-#define CRASH_VERSION   "1.0"

+#define CRASH_VERSION   "1.2"

 /*

  *  These are the file operation functions that allow crash utility

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ crash_read(struct file *file, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *poff)

 	struct page *page;

 	u64 offset;

 	ssize_t read;

+	char *buffer = file->private_data;

 	offset = *poff;

 	if (offset >> PAGE_SHIFT != (offset+count-1) >> PAGE_SHIFT)

@@ -74,8 +75,12 @@ crash_read(struct file *file, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *poff)

 	vaddr = map_virtual(offset, &page);

 	if (!vaddr)

 		return -EFAULT;

-

-	if (copy_to_user(buf, vaddr, count)) {

+	/*

+	 * Use bounce buffer to bypass the CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY

+	 * kernel text restriction.

+	*/

+	memcpy(buffer, (char *)vaddr, count);

+	if (copy_to_user(buf, buffer, count)) {

 		unmap_virtual(page);

 		return -EFAULT;

 	}

@@ -86,10 +91,32 @@ crash_read(struct file *file, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *poff)

 	return read;

 }

+static int

+crash_open(struct inode * inode, struct file * filp)

+{

+	if (!capable(CAP_SYS_RAWIO))

+		return -EPERM;

+

+	filp->private_data = (void *)__get_free_page(GFP_KERNEL);

+	if (!filp->private_data)

+		return -ENOMEM;

+

+	return 0;

+}

+

+static int

+crash_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)

+{

+	free_pages((unsigned long)filp->private_data, 0);

+	return 0;

+}

+

 static struct file_operations crash_fops = {

 	.owner = THIS_MODULE,

 	.llseek = crash_llseek,

 	.read = crash_read,

+	.open = crash_open,

+	.release = crash_release,

 };

 static struct miscdevice crash_dev = {

-- 

2.9.3

From: Dave Anderson <anderson@redhat.com>

Date: Fri, 18 Nov 2016 11:52:35 -0500

Cc: onestero@redhat.com

Subject: [PATCH v2] Restore live system crash analysis for ARM64

This v2 version simplifies the copy out of the kimage_voffset value

to user-space per Oleg's suggestion.

Upstream status: N/A

Test: v2 version tested successfully with a modified crash utility

The following Linux 4.6 commit breaks support for live system

crash analysis on ARM64:

   commit a7f8de168ace487fa7b88cb154e413cf40e87fc6

   Author: Ard Biesheuvel <ard.biesheuvel@linaro.org>

   arm64: allow kernel Image to be loaded anywhere in physical memory

The patchset drastically modified the kernel's virtual memory layout,

where notably the static kernel text and data image was moved from the

unity mapped region into the vmalloc region.  Prior to Linux 4.6,

the kernel's __virt_to_phys() function was this:

 #define __virt_to_phys(x)  (((phys_addr_t)(x) - PAGE_OFFSET + PHYS_OFFSET))

When running on a live system, the crash utility could determine PAGE_OFFSET

by looking at the virtual addresses compiled into the vmlinux file, and

PHYS_OFFSET can be determined by looking at /proc/iomem.

As of Linux 4.6, it is done differently:

 #define __virt_to_phys(x) ({                                            \

        phys_addr_t __x = (phys_addr_t)(x);                             \

        __x & BIT(VA_BITS - 1) ? (__x & ~PAGE_OFFSET) + PHYS_OFFSET :   \

                                 (__x - kimage_voffset); })

The PAGE_OFFSET/PHYS_OFFSET section of the conditional expression is for

traditional unity-mapped virtual addresses, but kernel text and static

data requires the new "kimage_voffset" variable.  Unfortunately, the

contents of the new "kimage_voffset" variable is not available or

calculatable from a user-space perspective, even with root privileges.

At least the ARM64 developers made its contents available to modules

with an EXPORT_SYMBOL(kimage_voffset) declaration.  Accordingly, with

a modification to the /dev/crash driver to return its contents, the

crash utility can run on a live system.

The patch allows for architecture-specific DEV_CRASH_ARCH_DATA ioctls

to be created, where this is the first instance of one.

---

 arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h | 16 ++++++++++++++++

 drivers/char/crash.c                  | 13 ++++++++++++-

 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

index 43b26da..fe68e7c 100644

--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/crash-driver.h

@@ -3,4 +3,20 @@

 #include <asm-generic/crash-driver.h>

+#define DEV_CRASH_ARCH_DATA _IOR('c', 1, long)

+

+static long

+crash_arch_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)

+{

+	extern u64 kimage_voffset;

+

+	switch (cmd)

+	{

+	case DEV_CRASH_ARCH_DATA:

+		return put_user(kimage_voffset, (unsigned long __user *)arg);

+	default:

+		return -EINVAL;

+	}

+}

+

 #endif /* _ARM64_CRASH_H */

diff --git a/drivers/char/crash.c b/drivers/char/crash.c

index 0258bf8..dfb767c 100644

--- a/drivers/char/crash.c

+++ b/drivers/char/crash.c

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@

 #include <asm/types.h>

 #include <asm/crash-driver.h>

-#define CRASH_VERSION   "1.2"

+#define CRASH_VERSION   "1.3"

 /*

  *  These are the file operation functions that allow crash utility

@@ -111,10 +111,21 @@ crash_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)

 	return 0;

 }

+static long

+crash_ioctl(struct file *file, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)

+{

+#ifdef DEV_CRASH_ARCH_DATA

+	return crash_arch_ioctl(file, cmd, arg);

+#else

+	return -EINVAL;

+#endif

+}

+

 static struct file_operations crash_fops = {

 	.owner = THIS_MODULE,

 	.llseek = crash_llseek,

 	.read = crash_read,

+	.unlocked_ioctl = crash_ioctl,

 	.open = crash_open,

 	.release = crash_release,

 };

-- 

1.8.3.1