Blob Blame History Raw
From 050e291cbf63fd190f1ec14d65d1154a23ce8756 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sandro Tosi <morph@debian.org>
Date: Sun, 10 Jan 2016 00:25:45 +0000
Subject: support python3

Origin: https://github.com/nlhepler/pydot/tree/adf18a858a63b321b7e4ffd964a24d73add1bf4f
Bug-Debian: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=739858
Reviewed-by: Sandro Tosi <morph@debian.org>
Last-Update: 2016-01-10

---
 dot_parser.py |  429 ++++++++--------
 pydot.py      | 1553 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------------
 setup.py      |    6 +-
 3 files changed, 954 insertions(+), 1034 deletions(-)

diff --git a/dot_parser.py b/dot_parser.py
index dedd61a..4cdd482 100644
--- a/dot_parser.py
+++ b/dot_parser.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: Latin-1 -*-
 """Graphviz's dot language parser.
 
 The dotparser parses graphviz files in dot and dot files and transforms them
@@ -10,236 +9,215 @@ Author: Michael Krause <michael@krause-software.de>
 Fixes by: Ero Carrera <ero@dkbza.org>
 """
 
+from __future__ import division, print_function
+
 __author__ = ['Michael Krause', 'Ero Carrera']
 __license__ = 'MIT'
 
-
 import sys
-import glob
 import pydot
-import re
 import codecs
 
 from pyparsing import __version__ as pyparsing_version
 
-from pyparsing import ( nestedExpr, Literal, CaselessLiteral, Word, Upcase, OneOrMore, ZeroOrMore,
-    Forward, NotAny, delimitedList, oneOf, Group, Optional, Combine, alphas, nums,
-    restOfLine, cStyleComment, nums, alphanums, printables, empty, quotedString,
-    ParseException, ParseResults, CharsNotIn, _noncomma, dblQuotedString, QuotedString, ParserElement )
+from pyparsing import (
+    nestedExpr, Literal, CaselessLiteral, Word, OneOrMore,
+    Forward, Group, Optional, Combine, nums, restOfLine,
+    cStyleComment, alphanums, printables, ParseException,
+    ParseResults, CharsNotIn, QuotedString
+    )
+
+
+PY3 = not sys.version_info < (3, 0, 0)
+
+if PY3:
+    basestring = str
 
 
 class P_AttrList:
 
     def __init__(self, toks):
-
         self.attrs = {}
         i = 0
-        
+
         while i < len(toks):
             attrname = toks[i]
-            if i+2 < len(toks) and toks[i+1] == '=':
-                attrvalue = toks[i+2]
+            if i + 2 < len(toks) and toks[i + 1] == '=':
+                attrvalue = toks[i + 2]
                 i += 3
             else:
                 attrvalue = None
                 i += 1
-                
+
             self.attrs[attrname] = attrvalue
-            
-            
-    def __repr__(self):
 
+    def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.attrs)
 
 
-
 class DefaultStatement(P_AttrList):
 
     def __init__(self, default_type, attrs):
-
         self.default_type = default_type
         self.attrs = attrs
 
     def __repr__(self):
-
-        return "%s(%s, %r)" % (self.__class__.__name__,
-            self.default_type, self.attrs)
+        return "%s(%s, %r)" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self.default_type, self.attrs
+            )
 
 
 top_graphs = list()
 
-def push_top_graph_stmt(str, loc, toks):
 
+def push_top_graph_stmt(str, loc, toks):
     attrs = {}
     g = None
-    
+
     for element in toks:
-    
-        if( isinstance(element, (ParseResults, tuple, list)) and
-            len(element) == 1 and isinstance(element[0], basestring) ):
-            
+        if (isinstance(element, (ParseResults, tuple, list)) and
+                len(element) == 1 and isinstance(element[0], basestring)):
             element = element[0]
-            
+
         if element == 'strict':
             attrs['strict'] = True
-            
-        elif element in ['graph', 'digraph']:
 
+        elif element in ['graph', 'digraph']:
             attrs = {}
-            
+
             g = pydot.Dot(graph_type=element, **attrs)
             attrs['type'] = element
-            
-            top_graphs.append( g )
-            
-        elif isinstance( element, basestring):
-            g.set_name( element )
-            
+
+            top_graphs.append(g)
+
+        elif isinstance(element, basestring):
+            g.set_name(element)
+
         elif isinstance(element, pydot.Subgraph):
-        
-            g.obj_dict['attributes'].update( element.obj_dict['attributes'] )
-            g.obj_dict['edges'].update( element.obj_dict['edges'] )
-            g.obj_dict['nodes'].update( element.obj_dict['nodes'] )
-            g.obj_dict['subgraphs'].update( element.obj_dict['subgraphs'] )
-            
+            g.obj_dict['attributes'].update(element.obj_dict['attributes'])
+            g.obj_dict['edges'].update(element.obj_dict['edges'])
+            g.obj_dict['nodes'].update(element.obj_dict['nodes'])
+            g.obj_dict['subgraphs'].update(element.obj_dict['subgraphs'])
             g.set_parent_graph(g)
-            
+
         elif isinstance(element, P_AttrList):
             attrs.update(element.attrs)
 
         elif isinstance(element, (ParseResults, list)):
             add_elements(g, element)
-            
+
         else:
-            raise ValueError, "Unknown element statement: %r " % element
-    
-    
+            raise ValueError("Unknown element statement: %r " % element)
+
     for g in top_graphs:
         update_parent_graph_hierarchy(g)
-    
-    if len( top_graphs ) == 1:
+
+    if len(top_graphs) == 1:
         return top_graphs[0]
-        
+
     return top_graphs
 
 
 def update_parent_graph_hierarchy(g, parent_graph=None, level=0):
-
-
     if parent_graph is None:
         parent_graph = g
-        
-    for key_name in ('edges',):
 
+    for key_name in ('edges',):
         if isinstance(g, pydot.frozendict):
             item_dict = g
         else:
             item_dict = g.obj_dict
-            
-        if not item_dict.has_key( key_name ):
+
+        if key_name not in item_dict:
             continue
 
         for key, objs in item_dict[key_name].items():
             for obj in objs:
-                if 'parent_graph' in obj and obj['parent_graph'].get_parent_graph()==g:
+                if 'parent_graph' in obj and obj['parent_graph'].get_parent_graph() == g:
                     if obj['parent_graph'] is g:
                         pass
                     else:
                         obj['parent_graph'].set_parent_graph(parent_graph)
 
                 if key_name == 'edges' and len(key) == 2:
-                    for idx, vertex in enumerate( obj['points'] ):
-                        if isinstance( vertex, (pydot.Graph, pydot.Subgraph, pydot.Cluster)):
+                    for idx, vertex in enumerate(obj['points']):
+                        if isinstance(vertex, (pydot.Graph, pydot.Subgraph, pydot.Cluster)):
                             vertex.set_parent_graph(parent_graph)
-                        if isinstance( vertex, pydot.frozendict):
+                        if isinstance(vertex, pydot.frozendict):
                             if vertex['parent_graph'] is g:
                                 pass
                             else:
                                 vertex['parent_graph'].set_parent_graph(parent_graph)
 
 
-
 def add_defaults(element, defaults):
-
     d = element.__dict__
     for key, value in defaults.items():
         if not d.get(key):
             d[key] = value
 
 
-
 def add_elements(g, toks, defaults_graph=None, defaults_node=None, defaults_edge=None):
-    
     if defaults_graph is None:
         defaults_graph = {}
     if defaults_node is None:
         defaults_node = {}
     if defaults_edge is None:
         defaults_edge = {}
-        
+
     for elm_idx, element in enumerate(toks):
-        
         if isinstance(element, (pydot.Subgraph, pydot.Cluster)):
-        
             add_defaults(element, defaults_graph)
             g.add_subgraph(element)
-            
+
         elif isinstance(element, pydot.Node):
-        
             add_defaults(element, defaults_node)
             g.add_node(element)
-            
+
         elif isinstance(element, pydot.Edge):
-        
             add_defaults(element, defaults_edge)
             g.add_edge(element)
-            
+
         elif isinstance(element, ParseResults):
-        
             for e in element:
                 add_elements(g, [e], defaults_graph, defaults_node, defaults_edge)
-                
+
         elif isinstance(element, DefaultStatement):
-        
             if element.default_type == 'graph':
-            
                 default_graph_attrs = pydot.Node('graph', **element.attrs)
                 g.add_node(default_graph_attrs)
 
             elif element.default_type == 'node':
-            
                 default_node_attrs = pydot.Node('node', **element.attrs)
                 g.add_node(default_node_attrs)
 
             elif element.default_type == 'edge':
-            
                 default_edge_attrs = pydot.Node('edge', **element.attrs)
                 g.add_node(default_edge_attrs)
                 defaults_edge.update(element.attrs)
 
             else:
-                raise ValueError, "Unknown DefaultStatement: %s " % element.default_type
-                
+                raise ValueError("Unknown DefaultStatement: %s " % element.default_type)
+
         elif isinstance(element, P_AttrList):
-        
             g.obj_dict['attributes'].update(element.attrs)
 
         else:
-            raise ValueError, "Unknown element statement: %r" % element
+            raise ValueError("Unknown element statement: %r" % element)
 
 
-def push_graph_stmt(str, loc, toks):            
-                       
+def push_graph_stmt(str, loc, toks):
     g = pydot.Subgraph('')
     add_elements(g, toks)
     return g
 
 
 def push_subgraph_stmt(str, loc, toks):
-
     g = pydot.Subgraph('')
+
     for e in toks:
-        if len(e)==3:
+        if len(e) == 3:
             e[2].set_name(e[1])
             if e[0] == 'subgraph':
                 e[2].obj_dict['show_keyword'] = True
@@ -253,11 +231,9 @@ def push_subgraph_stmt(str, loc, toks):
 
 
 def push_default_stmt(str, loc, toks):
-
     # The pydot class instances should be marked as
     # default statements to be inherited by actual
     # graphs, nodes and edges.
-    #
     default_type = toks[0][0]
     if len(toks) > 1:
         attrs = toks[1].attrs
@@ -267,90 +243,80 @@ def push_default_stmt(str, loc, toks):
     if default_type in ['graph', 'node', 'edge']:
         return DefaultStatement(default_type, attrs)
     else:
-        raise ValueError, "Unknown default statement: %r " % toks
+        raise ValueError("Unknown default statement: %r " % toks)
 
 
 def push_attr_list(str, loc, toks):
-
     p = P_AttrList(toks)
     return p
 
 
 def get_port(node):
-
-    if len(node)>1:
+    if len(node) > 1:
         if isinstance(node[1], ParseResults):
-            if len(node[1][0])==2:
-                if node[1][0][0]==':':
+            if len(node[1][0]) == 2:
+                if node[1][0][0] == ':':
                     return node[1][0][1]
-                    
     return None
 
-    
-def do_node_ports(node):
 
+def do_node_ports(node):
     node_port = ''
+
     if len(node) > 1:
-        node_port = ''.join( [str(a)+str(b) for a,b in node[1] ] )
+        node_port = ''.join([str(a) + str(b) for a, b in node[1]])
 
     return node_port
 
-    
+
 def push_edge_stmt(str, loc, toks):
-    
     tok_attrs = [a for a in toks if isinstance(a, P_AttrList)]
     attrs = {}
+
     for a in tok_attrs:
         attrs.update(a.attrs)
 
     e = []
 
     if isinstance(toks[0][0], pydot.Graph):
-    
         n_prev = pydot.frozendict(toks[0][0].obj_dict)
-    else:        
-        n_prev = toks[0][0] + do_node_ports( toks[0] )
+    else:
+        n_prev = toks[0][0] + do_node_ports(toks[0])
 
     if isinstance(toks[2][0], ParseResults):
-    
-        n_next_list = [[n.get_name(),] for n in toks[2][0] ]
+        n_next_list = [[n.get_name()] for n in toks[2][0]]
         for n_next in [n for n in n_next_list]:
             n_next_port = do_node_ports(n_next)
-            e.append(pydot.Edge(n_prev, n_next[0]+n_next_port, **attrs))
+            e.append(pydot.Edge(n_prev, n_next[0] + n_next_port, **attrs))
 
     elif isinstance(toks[2][0], pydot.Graph):
-    
         e.append(pydot.Edge(n_prev, pydot.frozendict(toks[2][0].obj_dict), **attrs))
 
     elif isinstance(toks[2][0], pydot.Node):
-    
         node = toks[2][0]
-        
+
         if node.get_port() is not None:
             name_port = node.get_name() + ":" + node.get_port()
         else:
             name_port = node.get_name()
-        
+
         e.append(pydot.Edge(n_prev, name_port, **attrs))
 
     elif isinstance(toks[2][0], type('')):
-    
         for n_next in [n for n in tuple(toks)[2::2]]:
-
             if isinstance(n_next, P_AttrList) or not isinstance(n_next[0], type('')):
                 continue
 
-            n_next_port = do_node_ports( n_next )
-            e.append(pydot.Edge(n_prev, n_next[0]+n_next_port, **attrs))
-                
-            n_prev = n_next[0]+n_next_port
-            
+            n_next_port = do_node_ports(n_next)
+            e.append(pydot.Edge(n_prev, n_next[0] + n_next_port, **attrs))
+
+            n_prev = n_next[0] + n_next_port
+
     else:
         # UNEXPECTED EDGE TYPE
         pass
-        
-    return e
 
+    return e
 
 
 def push_node_stmt(s, loc, toks):
@@ -359,30 +325,25 @@ def push_node_stmt(s, loc, toks):
         attrs = toks[1].attrs
     else:
         attrs = {}
-        
+
     node_name = toks[0]
     if isinstance(node_name, list) or isinstance(node_name, tuple):
-        if len(node_name)>0:
+        if len(node_name) > 0:
             node_name = node_name[0]
-    
+
     n = pydot.Node(str(node_name), **attrs)
     return n
 
 
-
-    
-    
-
 graphparser = None
 
-def graph_definition():
 
+def graph_definition():
     global graphparser
-    
+
     if not graphparser:
-    
         # punctuation
-        colon  = Literal(":")
+        colon = Literal(":")
         lbrace = Literal("{")
         rbrace = Literal("}")
         lbrack = Literal("[")
@@ -390,142 +351,170 @@ def graph_definition():
         lparen = Literal("(")
         rparen = Literal(")")
         equals = Literal("=")
-        comma  = Literal(",")
-        dot    = Literal(".")
-        slash  = Literal("/")
-        bslash = Literal("\\")
-        star   = Literal("*")
-        semi   = Literal(";")
-        at     = Literal("@")
-        minus  = Literal("-")
-        
+        comma = Literal(",")
+        # dot = Literal(".")
+        # slash = Literal("/")
+        # bslash = Literal("\\")
+        # star = Literal("*")
+        semi = Literal(";")
+        at = Literal("@")
+        minus = Literal("-")
+
         # keywords
-        strict_    = CaselessLiteral("strict")
-        graph_     = CaselessLiteral("graph")
-        digraph_   = CaselessLiteral("digraph")
-        subgraph_  = CaselessLiteral("subgraph")
-        node_      = CaselessLiteral("node")
-        edge_      = CaselessLiteral("edge")
-        
-        
+        strict_ = CaselessLiteral("strict")
+        graph_ = CaselessLiteral("graph")
+        digraph_ = CaselessLiteral("digraph")
+        subgraph_ = CaselessLiteral("subgraph")
+        node_ = CaselessLiteral("node")
+        edge_ = CaselessLiteral("edge")
+
         # token definitions
-        
-        identifier = Word(alphanums + "_." ).setName("identifier")
-        
-        double_quoted_string = QuotedString('"', multiline=True, unquoteResults=False) # dblQuotedString
+        identifier = Word(alphanums + "_.").setName("identifier")
+
+        # dblQuotedString
+        double_quoted_string = QuotedString('"', multiline=True, unquoteResults=False)
 
-        alphastring_ = OneOrMore(CharsNotIn(_noncomma + ' '))
+        noncomma_ = "".join([c for c in printables if c != ","])
+        alphastring_ = OneOrMore(CharsNotIn(noncomma_ + ' '))
 
         def parse_html(s, loc, toks):
             return '<%s>' % ''.join(toks[0])
-            
-        
+
         opener = '<'
         closer = '>'
-        html_text = nestedExpr( opener, closer, 
-            ( CharsNotIn( opener + closer )  ) 
-                ).setParseAction(parse_html).leaveWhitespace()
-
-        ID = ( identifier | html_text | 
-            double_quoted_string | #.setParseAction(strip_quotes) |
-            alphastring_ ).setName("ID")
-            
-        
-        float_number = Combine(Optional(minus) +	
-            OneOrMore(Word(nums + "."))).setName("float_number")
-            
-        righthand_id =  (float_number | ID ).setName("righthand_id")
+        html_text = nestedExpr(
+            opener, closer,
+            (CharsNotIn(opener + closer))
+            ).setParseAction(parse_html).leaveWhitespace()
+
+        ID = (
+            identifier | html_text |
+            double_quoted_string |  # .setParseAction(strip_quotes) |
+            alphastring_
+            ).setName("ID")
+
+        float_number = Combine(
+            Optional(minus) +
+            OneOrMore(Word(nums + "."))
+            ).setName("float_number")
+
+        righthand_id = (float_number | ID).setName("righthand_id")
 
         port_angle = (at + ID).setName("port_angle")
-        
-        port_location = (OneOrMore(Group(colon + ID)) |	
-            Group(colon + lparen + ID + comma + ID + rparen)).setName("port_location")
-            
-        port = (Group(port_location + Optional(port_angle)) |	
-            Group(port_angle + Optional(port_location))).setName("port")
-            
+
+        port_location = (
+            OneOrMore(Group(colon + ID)) |
+            Group(colon + lparen + ID + comma + ID + rparen)
+            ).setName("port_location")
+
+        port = (
+            Group(port_location + Optional(port_angle)) |
+            Group(port_angle + Optional(port_location))
+            ).setName("port")
+
         node_id = (ID + Optional(port))
-        a_list = OneOrMore(ID + Optional(equals + righthand_id) +
-            Optional(comma.suppress())).setName("a_list")
-        
-        attr_list = OneOrMore(lbrack.suppress() + Optional(a_list) +	
-            rbrack.suppress()).setName("attr_list")
-        
+        a_list = OneOrMore(
+            ID + Optional(equals + righthand_id) + Optional(comma.suppress())
+            ).setName("a_list")
+
+        attr_list = OneOrMore(
+            lbrack.suppress() + Optional(a_list) + rbrack.suppress()
+            ).setName("attr_list")
+
         attr_stmt = (Group(graph_ | node_ | edge_) + attr_list).setName("attr_stmt")
-        
+
         edgeop = (Literal("--") | Literal("->")).setName("edgeop")
-        
+
         stmt_list = Forward()
-        graph_stmt = Group(lbrace.suppress() + Optional(stmt_list) +	
-            rbrace.suppress() + Optional(semi.suppress()) ).setName("graph_stmt")
-            
-            
+        graph_stmt = Group(
+            lbrace.suppress() + Optional(stmt_list) +
+            rbrace.suppress() + Optional(semi.suppress())
+            ).setName("graph_stmt")
+
         edge_point = Forward()
-        
+
         edgeRHS = OneOrMore(edgeop + edge_point)
         edge_stmt = edge_point + edgeRHS + Optional(attr_list)
-        
+
         subgraph = Group(subgraph_ + Optional(ID) + graph_stmt).setName("subgraph")
-        
-        edge_point << Group( subgraph | graph_stmt | node_id ).setName('edge_point')
-        
-        node_stmt = (node_id + Optional(attr_list) + Optional(semi.suppress())).setName("node_stmt")
-        
+
+        edge_point << Group(subgraph | graph_stmt | node_id).setName('edge_point')
+
+        node_stmt = (
+            node_id + Optional(attr_list) + Optional(semi.suppress())
+            ).setName("node_stmt")
+
         assignment = (ID + equals + righthand_id).setName("assignment")
-        stmt =  (assignment | edge_stmt | attr_stmt | subgraph | graph_stmt | node_stmt).setName("stmt")
+        stmt = (
+            assignment | edge_stmt | attr_stmt |
+            subgraph | graph_stmt | node_stmt
+            ).setName("stmt")
         stmt_list << OneOrMore(stmt + Optional(semi.suppress()))
-        
-        graphparser = OneOrMore( (Optional(strict_) + Group((graph_ | digraph_)) +
-            Optional(ID) + graph_stmt).setResultsName("graph") )
-        
+
+        graphparser = OneOrMore((
+            Optional(strict_) + Group((graph_ | digraph_)) +
+            Optional(ID) + graph_stmt
+            ).setResultsName("graph"))
+
         singleLineComment = Group("//" + restOfLine) | Group("#" + restOfLine)
-        
-        
+
         # actions
-        
         graphparser.ignore(singleLineComment)
         graphparser.ignore(cStyleComment)
-        
+
         assignment.setParseAction(push_attr_list)
         a_list.setParseAction(push_attr_list)
         edge_stmt.setParseAction(push_edge_stmt)
         node_stmt.setParseAction(push_node_stmt)
         attr_stmt.setParseAction(push_default_stmt)
-        
+
         subgraph.setParseAction(push_subgraph_stmt)
         graph_stmt.setParseAction(push_graph_stmt)
         graphparser.setParseAction(push_top_graph_stmt)
-        
-    
+
     return graphparser
 
 
 def parse_dot_data(data):
-
     global top_graphs
-    
+
     top_graphs = list()
 
-    if data.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF8):
-        data = data.decode( 'utf-8' )
-        
+    if PY3:
+        if isinstance(data, bytes):
+            # this is extremely hackish
+            try:
+                idx = data.index(b'charset') + 7
+                while data[idx] in b' \t\n\r=':
+                    idx += 1
+                fst = idx
+                while data[idx] not in b' \t\n\r];,':
+                    idx += 1
+                charset = data[fst:idx].strip(b'"\'').decode('ascii')
+                data = data.decode(charset)
+            except:
+                data = data.decode('utf-8')
+    else:
+        if data.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF8):
+            data = data.decode('utf-8')
+
     try:
-    
+
         graphparser = graph_definition()
-        
+
         if pyparsing_version >= '1.2':
             graphparser.parseWithTabs()
-            
+
         tokens = graphparser.parseString(data)
 
         if len(tokens) == 1:
             return tokens[0]
         else:
             return [g for g in tokens]
-        
-    except ParseException, err:
-    
-        print err.line
-        print " "*(err.column-1) + "^"
-        print err
+
+    except ParseException:
+        err = sys.exc_info()[1]
+        print(err.line)
+        print(" " * (err.column - 1) + "^")
+        print(err)
         return None
diff --git a/pydot.py b/pydot.py
index e9bd2a1..c20db18 100644
--- a/pydot.py
+++ b/pydot.py
@@ -17,24 +17,40 @@ Copyright (c) 2005-2011 Ero Carrera <ero.carrera@gmail.com>
 Distributed under MIT license [http://opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.html].
 """
 
-__revision__ = "$LastChangedRevision: 28 $"
+from __future__ import division, print_function
+
 __author__ = 'Ero Carrera'
-__version__ = '1.0.%d' % int( __revision__[21:-2] )
+__version__ = '1.0.29'
 __license__ = 'MIT'
 
 import os
 import re
 import subprocess
+import sys
 import tempfile
 import copy
+
+from operator import itemgetter
+
 try:
     import dot_parser
-except Exception, e:
-    print "Couldn't import dot_parser, loading of dot files will not be possible."
-    
+except Exception:
+    print("Couldn't import dot_parser, loading of dot files will not be possible.")
+
 
+PY3 = not sys.version_info < (3, 0, 0)
 
-GRAPH_ATTRIBUTES = set( ['Damping', 'K', 'URL', 'aspect', 'bb', 'bgcolor',
+if PY3:
+    NULL_SEP = b''
+    basestring = str
+    long = int
+    unicode = str
+else:
+    NULL_SEP = ''
+
+
+GRAPH_ATTRIBUTES = set([
+    'Damping', 'K', 'URL', 'aspect', 'bb', 'bgcolor',
     'center', 'charset', 'clusterrank', 'colorscheme', 'comment', 'compound',
     'concentrate', 'defaultdist', 'dim', 'dimen', 'diredgeconstraints',
     'dpi', 'epsilon', 'esep', 'fontcolor', 'fontname', 'fontnames',
@@ -46,13 +62,15 @@ GRAPH_ATTRIBUTES = set( ['Damping', 'K', 'URL', 'aspect', 'bb', 'bgcolor',
     'overlap_scaling', 'pack', 'packmode', 'pad', 'page', 'pagedir',
     'quadtree', 'quantum', 'rankdir', 'ranksep', 'ratio', 'remincross',
     'repulsiveforce', 'resolution', 'root', 'rotate', 'searchsize', 'sep',
-    'showboxes', 'size', 'smoothing', 'sortv', 'splines', 'start', 
+    'showboxes', 'size', 'smoothing', 'sortv', 'splines', 'start',
     'stylesheet', 'target', 'truecolor', 'viewport', 'voro_margin',
-    # for subgraphs 
-    'rank' ] )
+    # for subgraphs
+    'rank'
+   ])
 
 
-EDGE_ATTRIBUTES = set( ['URL', 'arrowhead', 'arrowsize', 'arrowtail',
+EDGE_ATTRIBUTES = set([
+    'URL', 'arrowhead', 'arrowsize', 'arrowtail',
     'color', 'colorscheme', 'comment', 'constraint', 'decorate', 'dir',
     'edgeURL', 'edgehref', 'edgetarget', 'edgetooltip', 'fontcolor',
     'fontname', 'fontsize', 'headURL', 'headclip', 'headhref', 'headlabel',
@@ -63,10 +81,12 @@ EDGE_ATTRIBUTES = set( ['URL', 'arrowhead', 'arrowsize', 'arrowtail',
     'nojustify', 'penwidth', 'pos', 'samehead', 'sametail', 'showboxes',
     'style', 'tailURL', 'tailclip', 'tailhref', 'taillabel', 'tailport',
     'tailtarget', 'tailtooltip', 'target', 'tooltip', 'weight',
-    'rank' ] )
+    'rank'
+   ])
 
 
-NODE_ATTRIBUTES = set( ['URL', 'color', 'colorscheme', 'comment',
+NODE_ATTRIBUTES = set([
+    'URL', 'color', 'colorscheme', 'comment',
     'distortion', 'fillcolor', 'fixedsize', 'fontcolor', 'fontname',
     'fontsize', 'group', 'height', 'id', 'image', 'imagescale', 'label',
     'labelloc', 'layer', 'margin', 'nojustify', 'orientation', 'penwidth',
@@ -74,14 +94,62 @@ NODE_ATTRIBUTES = set( ['URL', 'color', 'colorscheme', 'comment',
     'shape', 'shapefile', 'showboxes', 'sides', 'skew', 'sortv', 'style',
     'target', 'tooltip', 'vertices', 'width', 'z',
     # The following are attributes dot2tex
-    'texlbl',  'texmode' ] )
+    'texlbl', 'texmode'
+   ])
 
 
-CLUSTER_ATTRIBUTES = set( ['K', 'URL', 'bgcolor', 'color', 'colorscheme',
+CLUSTER_ATTRIBUTES = set([
+    'K', 'URL', 'bgcolor', 'color', 'colorscheme',
     'fillcolor', 'fontcolor', 'fontname', 'fontsize', 'label', 'labeljust',
     'labelloc', 'lheight', 'lp', 'lwidth', 'nojustify', 'pencolor',
-    'penwidth', 'peripheries', 'sortv', 'style', 'target', 'tooltip'] )
-            
+    'penwidth', 'peripheries', 'sortv', 'style', 'target', 'tooltip'
+   ])
+
+
+def is_string_like(obj): # from John Hunter, types-free version
+    """Check if obj is string."""
+    try:
+        obj + ''
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return False
+    return True
+
+def get_fobj(fname, mode='w+'):
+    """Obtain a proper file object.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    fname : string, file object, file descriptor
+        If a string or file descriptor, then we create a file object. If *fname*
+        is a file object, then we do nothing and ignore the specified *mode*
+        parameter.
+    mode : str
+        The mode of the file to be opened.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    fobj : file object
+        The file object.
+    close : bool
+        If *fname* was a string, then *close* will be *True* to signify that
+        the file object should be closed after writing to it. Otherwise, *close*
+        will be *False* signifying that the user, in essence, created the file
+        object already and that subsequent operations should not close it.
+
+    """
+    if is_string_like(fname):
+        fobj = open(fname, mode)
+        close = True
+    elif hasattr(fname, 'write'):
+        # fname is a file-like object, perhaps a StringIO (for example)
+        fobj = fname
+        close = False
+    else:
+        # assume it is a file descriptor
+        fobj = os.fdopen(fname, mode)
+        close = False
+    return fobj, close
+
 
 #
 # Extented version of ASPN's Python Cookbook Recipe:
@@ -92,7 +160,7 @@ CLUSTER_ATTRIBUTES = set( ['K', 'URL', 'bgcolor', 'color', 'colorscheme',
 #
 class frozendict(dict):
     def _blocked_attribute(obj):
-        raise AttributeError, "A frozendict cannot be modified."
+        raise AttributeError("A frozendict cannot be modified.")
     _blocked_attribute = property(_blocked_attribute)
 
     __delitem__ = __setitem__ = clear = _blocked_attribute
@@ -105,7 +173,7 @@ class frozendict(dict):
         for arg in args:
             if isinstance(arg, dict):
                 arg = copy.copy(arg)
-                for k, v in arg.iteritems():
+                for k, v in arg.items():
                     if isinstance(v, frozendict):
                         arg[k] = v
                     elif isinstance(v, dict):
@@ -114,13 +182,13 @@ class frozendict(dict):
                         v_ = list()
                         for elm in v:
                             if isinstance(elm, dict):
-                                v_.append( frozendict(elm) )
+                                v_.append(frozendict(elm))
                             else:
-                                v_.append( elm )
+                                v_.append(elm)
                         arg[k] = tuple(v_)
-                args_.append( arg )
+                args_.append(arg)
             else:
-                args_.append( arg )
+                args_.append(arg)
 
         dict.__init__(new, *args_, **kw)
         return new
@@ -132,7 +200,7 @@ class frozendict(dict):
         try:
             return self._cached_hash
         except AttributeError:
-            h = self._cached_hash = hash(tuple(sorted(self.iteritems())))
+            h = self._cached_hash = hash(tuple(sorted(self.items())))
             return h
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -142,23 +210,25 @@ class frozendict(dict):
 dot_keywords = ['graph', 'subgraph', 'digraph', 'node', 'edge', 'strict']
 
 id_re_alpha_nums = re.compile('^[_a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_,]*$', re.UNICODE)
-id_re_alpha_nums_with_ports = re.compile('^[_a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_,:\"]*[a-zA-Z0-9_,\"]+$', re.UNICODE)
+id_re_alpha_nums_with_ports = re.compile(
+    '^[_a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_,:\"]*[a-zA-Z0-9_,\"]+$', re.UNICODE
+    )
 id_re_num = re.compile('^[0-9,]+$', re.UNICODE)
 id_re_with_port = re.compile('^([^:]*):([^:]*)$', re.UNICODE)
-id_re_dbl_quoted = re.compile('^\".*\"$', re.S|re.UNICODE)
-id_re_html = re.compile('^<.*>$', re.S|re.UNICODE)
+id_re_dbl_quoted = re.compile('^\".*\"$', re.S | re.UNICODE)
+id_re_html = re.compile('^<.*>$', re.S | re.UNICODE)
 
 
-def needs_quotes( s ):
+def needs_quotes(s):
     """Checks whether a string is a dot language ID.
-    
+
     It will check whether the string is solely composed
     by the characters allowed in an ID or not.
     If the string is one of the reserved keywords it will
     need quotes too but the user will need to add them
     manually.
     """
-    
+
     # If the name is a reserved keyword it will need quotes but pydot
     # can't tell when it's being used as a keyword or when it's simply
     # a name. Hence the user needs to supply the quotes when an element
@@ -168,11 +238,14 @@ def needs_quotes( s ):
     if s in dot_keywords:
         return False
 
-    chars = [ord(c) for c in s if ord(c)>0x7f or ord(c)==0]
+    chars = [ord(c) for c in s if ord(c) > 0x7f or ord(c) == 0]
     if chars and not id_re_dbl_quoted.match(s) and not id_re_html.match(s):
         return True
-        
-    for test_re in [id_re_alpha_nums, id_re_num, id_re_dbl_quoted, id_re_html, id_re_alpha_nums_with_ports]:
+
+    for test_re in [
+            id_re_alpha_nums, id_re_num, id_re_dbl_quoted,
+            id_re_html, id_re_alpha_nums_with_ports
+           ]:
         if test_re.match(s):
             return False
 
@@ -184,109 +257,109 @@ def needs_quotes( s ):
 
 
 def quote_if_necessary(s):
+    # Older versions of graphviz throws a syntax error for empty values without
+    # quotes, e.g. [label=]
+    if s == '':
+        return '""'
 
     if isinstance(s, bool):
         if s is True:
             return 'True'
         return 'False'
 
-    if not isinstance( s, basestring ):
+    if not isinstance(s, basestring):
         return s
 
     if not s:
         return s
-        
+
     if needs_quotes(s):
-        replace = {'"'  : r'\"',
-                   "\n" : r'\n',
-                   "\r" : r'\r'}
-        for (a,b) in replace.items():
+        replace = {'"': r'\"', "\n": r'\n', "\r": r'\r'}
+        for (a, b) in replace.items():
             s = s.replace(a, b)
 
         return '"' + s + '"'
-     
-    return s   
 
+    return s
 
 
 def graph_from_dot_data(data):
     """Load graph as defined by data in DOT format.
-    
+
     The data is assumed to be in DOT format. It will
-    be parsed and a Dot class will be returned, 
+    be parsed and a Dot class will be returned,
     representing the graph.
     """
-    
+
     return dot_parser.parse_dot_data(data)
 
 
 def graph_from_dot_file(path):
     """Load graph as defined by a DOT file.
-    
+
     The file is assumed to be in DOT format. It will
-    be loaded, parsed and a Dot class will be returned, 
+    be loaded, parsed and a Dot class will be returned,
     representing the graph.
     """
-    
-    fd = file(path, 'rb')
+
+    fd = open(path, 'rb')
     data = fd.read()
     fd.close()
-    
-    return graph_from_dot_data(data)
 
+    return graph_from_dot_data(data)
 
 
 def graph_from_edges(edge_list, node_prefix='', directed=False):
     """Creates a basic graph out of an edge list.
-    
+
     The edge list has to be a list of tuples representing
     the nodes connected by the edge.
     The values can be anything: bool, int, float, str.
-    
+
     If the graph is undirected by default, it is only
     calculated from one of the symmetric halves of the matrix.
     """
-    
+
     if directed:
         graph = Dot(graph_type='digraph')
-        
+
     else:
         graph = Dot(graph_type='graph')
-        
+
     for edge in edge_list:
-        
+
         if isinstance(edge[0], str):
             src = node_prefix + edge[0]
         else:
             src = node_prefix + str(edge[0])
-            
+
         if isinstance(edge[1], str):
             dst = node_prefix + edge[1]
         else:
             dst = node_prefix + str(edge[1])
 
-        e = Edge( src, dst )
+        e = Edge(src, dst)
         graph.add_edge(e)
-        
+
     return graph
 
 
-def graph_from_adjacency_matrix(matrix, node_prefix= u'', directed=False):
+def graph_from_adjacency_matrix(matrix, node_prefix='', directed=False):
     """Creates a basic graph out of an adjacency matrix.
-    
+
     The matrix has to be a list of rows of values
     representing an adjacency matrix.
     The values can be anything: bool, int, float, as long
     as they can evaluate to True or False.
     """
-    
+
     node_orig = 1
-    
+
     if directed:
         graph = Dot(graph_type='digraph')
     else:
         graph = Dot(graph_type='graph')
-        
+
     for row in matrix:
         if not directed:
             skip = matrix.index(row)
@@ -294,320 +367,297 @@ def graph_from_adjacency_matrix(matrix, node_prefix= u'', directed=False):
         else:
             skip = 0
             r = row
-        node_dest = skip+1
-        
+        node_dest = skip + 1
+
         for e in r:
             if e:
                 graph.add_edge(
-                    Edge( node_prefix + node_orig, 
-                        node_prefix + node_dest) )
+                    Edge(
+                        node_prefix + node_orig,
+                        node_prefix + node_dest
+                        )
+                    )
             node_dest += 1
         node_orig += 1
-        
-    return graph
 
+    return graph
 
 
 def graph_from_incidence_matrix(matrix, node_prefix='', directed=False):
     """Creates a basic graph out of an incidence matrix.
-    
+
     The matrix has to be a list of rows of values
     representing an incidence matrix.
     The values can be anything: bool, int, float, as long
     as they can evaluate to True or False.
     """
-    
-    node_orig = 1
-    
+
     if directed:
         graph = Dot(graph_type='digraph')
     else:
         graph = Dot(graph_type='graph')
-        
+
     for row in matrix:
         nodes = []
         c = 1
-        
+
         for node in row:
             if node:
-                nodes.append(c*node)
+                nodes.append(c * node)
             c += 1
-            nodes.sort()
-            
+
+        nodes.sort()
+
         if len(nodes) == 2:
-            graph.add_edge(	
-                Edge( node_prefix + abs(nodes[0]),	
-                    node_prefix + nodes[1] ))
+            graph.add_edge(
+                Edge(
+                    node_prefix + abs(nodes[0]),
+                    node_prefix + nodes[1]
+                    )
+                )
 
     if not directed:
         graph.set_simplify(True)
 
     return graph
 
-            
-
 
 def __find_executables(path):
     """Used by find_graphviz
-    
+
     path - single directory as a string
-    
+
     If any of the executables are found, it will return a dictionary
     containing the program names as keys and their paths as values.
-    
+
     Otherwise returns None
     """
-    
+
     success = False
     progs = {'dot': '', 'twopi': '', 'neato': '', 'circo': '', 'fdp': '', 'sfdp': ''}
-    
+
     was_quoted = False
     path = path.strip()
     if path.startswith('"') and path.endswith('"'):
         path = path[1:-1]
-        was_quoted =  True
-    
-    if os.path.isdir(path) : 
-    
-        for prg in progs.iterkeys():
-    
+        was_quoted = True
+
+    if os.path.isdir(path):
+        for prg in progs.keys():
             if progs[prg]:
                 continue
-               
-            if os.path.exists( os.path.join(path, prg) ):
-                
+
+            if os.path.exists(os.path.join(path, prg)):
                 if was_quoted:
                     progs[prg] = '"' + os.path.join(path, prg) + '"'
                 else:
                     progs[prg] = os.path.join(path, prg)
-                    
+
                 success = True
-               
-            elif os.path.exists( os.path.join(path, prg + '.exe') ):
 
+            elif os.path.exists(os.path.join(path, prg + '.exe')):
                 if was_quoted:
                     progs[prg] = '"' + os.path.join(path, prg + '.exe') + '"'
                 else:
                     progs[prg] = os.path.join(path, prg + '.exe')
-                    
+
                 success = True
-    
+
     if success:
-    
         return progs
-        
     else:
-    
         return None
 
 
-
 # The multi-platform version of this 'find_graphviz' function was
 # contributed by Peter Cock
-#
 def find_graphviz():
     """Locate Graphviz's executables in the system.
-    
+
     Tries three methods:
-    
+
     First: Windows Registry (Windows only)
     This requires Mark Hammond's pywin32 is installed.
-    
+
     Secondly: Search the path
     It will look for 'dot', 'twopi' and 'neato' in all the directories
     specified in the PATH environment variable.
-    
+
     Thirdly: Default install location (Windows only)
     It will look for 'dot', 'twopi' and 'neato' in the default install
     location under the "Program Files" directory.
-    
+
     It will return a dictionary containing the program names as keys
     and their paths as values.
-    
+
     If this fails, it returns None.
     """
-    
+
     # Method 1 (Windows only)
-    #
     if os.sys.platform == 'win32':
-        
-        HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE =    0x80000002
-        KEY_QUERY_VALUE =       0x0001
+
+        HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = 0x80000002
+        KEY_QUERY_VALUE = 0x0001
 
         RegOpenKeyEx = None
         RegQueryValueEx = None
         RegCloseKey = None
-        
+
         try:
-            import win32api, win32con
+            import win32api
             RegOpenKeyEx = win32api.RegOpenKeyEx
             RegQueryValueEx = win32api.RegQueryValueEx
             RegCloseKey = win32api.RegCloseKey
 
         except ImportError:
             # Print a messaged suggesting they install these?
-            #
             pass
 
         try:
             import ctypes
-            
+
             def RegOpenKeyEx(key, subkey, opt, sam):
                 result = ctypes.c_uint(0)
                 ctypes.windll.advapi32.RegOpenKeyExA(key, subkey, opt, sam, ctypes.byref(result))
                 return result.value
-                
-            def RegQueryValueEx( hkey, valuename ):
+
+            def RegQueryValueEx(hkey, valuename):
                 data_type = ctypes.c_uint(0)
                 data_len = ctypes.c_uint(1024)
-                data = ctypes.create_string_buffer( 1024 )
-                
-                res = ctypes.windll.advapi32.RegQueryValueExA(hkey, valuename, 0, 
-                    ctypes.byref(data_type), data, ctypes.byref(data_len))
-                    
+                data = ctypes.create_string_buffer(1024)
+
+                # this has a return value, which we should probably check
+                ctypes.windll.advapi32.RegQueryValueExA(
+                    hkey, valuename, 0, ctypes.byref(data_type),
+                    data, ctypes.byref(data_len)
+                    )
+
                 return data.value
-            
+
             RegCloseKey = ctypes.windll.advapi32.RegCloseKey
-            
+
         except ImportError:
             # Print a messaged suggesting they install these?
-            #
             pass
 
         if RegOpenKeyEx is not None:
-            
             # Get the GraphViz install path from the registry
-            #
             hkey = None
             potentialKeys = [
                 "SOFTWARE\\ATT\\Graphviz",
-                "SOFTWARE\\AT&T Research Labs\\Graphviz",
-            ]
+                "SOFTWARE\\AT&T Research Labs\\Graphviz"
+                ]
             for potentialKey in potentialKeys:
-                
+
                 try:
-                    hkey = RegOpenKeyEx( HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
-                        potentialKey, 0, KEY_QUERY_VALUE )
-                    
+                    hkey = RegOpenKeyEx(
+                        HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
+                        potentialKey, 0, KEY_QUERY_VALUE
+                        )
+
                     if hkey is not None:
-                        path = RegQueryValueEx( hkey, "InstallPath" )
-                        RegCloseKey( hkey )
-                        
+                        path = RegQueryValueEx(hkey, "InstallPath")
+                        RegCloseKey(hkey)
+
                         # The regitry variable might exist, left by old installations
                         # but with no value, in those cases we keep searching...
                         if not path:
                             continue
-                        
+
                         # Now append the "bin" subdirectory:
-                        #
                         path = os.path.join(path, "bin")
                         progs = __find_executables(path)
-                        if progs is not None :
-                            #print "Used Windows registry"
+                        if progs is not None:
+                            #print("Used Windows registry")
                             return progs
-                
-                except Exception, excp:
-                    #raise excp
+
+                except Exception:
+                    #raise
                     pass
                 else:
                     break
-                    
-
 
     # Method 2 (Linux, Windows etc)
-    #
-    if os.environ.has_key('PATH'):
-    
+    if 'PATH' in os.environ:
         for path in os.environ['PATH'].split(os.pathsep):
             progs = __find_executables(path)
-            if progs is not None :
-                #print "Used path"
+            if progs is not None:
+                #print("Used path")
                 return progs
 
     # Method 3 (Windows only)
-    #
     if os.sys.platform == 'win32':
-    
+
         # Try and work out the equivalent of "C:\Program Files" on this
         # machine (might be on drive D:, or in a different language)
-        #
-        
-        if os.environ.has_key('PROGRAMFILES'):
-        
+        if 'PROGRAMFILES' in os.environ:
             # Note, we could also use the win32api to get this
             # information, but win32api may not be installed.
-            
             path = os.path.join(os.environ['PROGRAMFILES'], 'ATT', 'GraphViz', 'bin')
-            
         else:
-        
             #Just in case, try the default...
             path = r"C:\Program Files\att\Graphviz\bin"
-            
+
         progs = __find_executables(path)
-        
-        if progs is not None :
-        
-            #print "Used default install location"
-            return progs
 
+        if progs is not None:
+
+            #print("Used default install location")
+            return progs
 
     for path in (
-        '/usr/bin', '/usr/local/bin',
-        '/opt/local/bin',
-        '/opt/bin', '/sw/bin', '/usr/share',
-        '/Applications/Graphviz.app/Contents/MacOS/' ):
-        
+            '/usr/bin', '/usr/local/bin',
+            '/opt/local/bin',
+            '/opt/bin', '/sw/bin', '/usr/share',
+            '/Applications/Graphviz.app/Contents/MacOS/'
+            ):
+
         progs = __find_executables(path)
-        if progs is not None :
-            #print "Used path"
+        if progs is not None:
+            #print("Used path")
             return progs
 
     # Failed to find GraphViz
-    #
     return None
-    
 
-class Common:
+
+class Common(object):
     """Common information to several classes.
-    
+
     Should not be directly used, several classes are derived from
     this one.
     """
-    
 
     def __getstate__(self):
 
         dict = copy.copy(self.obj_dict)
-   
+
         return dict
 
-    
     def __setstate__(self, state):
-    
-        self.obj_dict = state
 
+        self.obj_dict = state
 
     def __get_attribute__(self, attr):
         """Look for default attributes for this node"""
-        
+
         attr_val = self.obj_dict['attributes'].get(attr, None)
-        
+
         if attr_val is None:
             # get the defaults for nodes/edges
-            
+
             default_node_name = self.obj_dict['type']
-            
+
             # The defaults for graphs are set on a node named 'graph'
             if default_node_name in ('subgraph', 'digraph', 'cluster'):
                 default_node_name = 'graph'
-                
+
             g = self.get_parent_graph()
             if g is not None:
-                defaults = g.get_node( default_node_name )
+                defaults = g.get_node(default_node_name)
             else:
                 return None
-            
+
             # Multiple defaults could be set by having repeated 'graph [...]'
             # 'node [...]', 'edge [...]' statements. In such case, if the
             # same attribute is set in different statements, only the first
@@ -618,84 +668,78 @@ class Common:
             #
             if not isinstance(defaults, (list, tuple)):
                 defaults = [defaults]
-                
+
             for default in defaults:
                 attr_val = default.obj_dict['attributes'].get(attr, None)
                 if attr_val:
                     return attr_val
         else:
             return attr_val
-            
+
         return None
-    
 
     def set_parent_graph(self, parent_graph):
-    
+
         self.obj_dict['parent_graph'] = parent_graph
-        
 
     def get_parent_graph(self):
-    
-        return self.obj_dict.get('parent_graph', None)
 
+        return self.obj_dict.get('parent_graph', None)
 
     def set(self, name, value):
         """Set an attribute value by name.
-        
+
         Given an attribute 'name' it will set its value to 'value'.
         There's always the possibility of using the methods:
-        
+
             set_'name'(value)
-            
+
         which are defined for all the existing attributes.
         """
 
         self.obj_dict['attributes'][name] = value
 
-
     def get(self, name):
         """Get an attribute value by name.
-        
+
         Given an attribute 'name' it will get its value.
         There's always the possibility of using the methods:
-        
+
             get_'name'()
-            
+
         which are defined for all the existing attributes.
         """
 
         return self.obj_dict['attributes'].get(name, None)
-        
 
     def get_attributes(self):
         """"""
-        
+
         return self.obj_dict['attributes']
 
-        
     def set_sequence(self, seq):
-    
-        self.obj_dict['sequence'] = seq
 
+        self.obj_dict['sequence'] = seq
 
     def get_sequence(self):
-    
+
         return self.obj_dict['sequence']
-        
-        
+
     def create_attribute_methods(self, obj_attributes):
-    
+
         #for attr in self.obj_dict['attributes']:
         for attr in obj_attributes:
-        
+
             # Generate all the Setter methods.
             #
-            self.__setattr__( 'set_'+attr, lambda x, a=attr : self.obj_dict['attributes'].__setitem__(a, x) )
-            
+            self.__setattr__(
+                'set_' + attr,
+                lambda x, a=attr: self.obj_dict['attributes'].__setitem__(a, x)
+                )
+
             # Generate all the Getter methods.
             #
-            self.__setattr__('get_'+attr, lambda a=attr : self.__get_attribute__(a))
-
+            self.__setattr__('get_' + attr, lambda a=attr: self.__get_attribute__(a))
 
 
 class Error(Exception):
@@ -703,6 +747,7 @@ class Error(Exception):
     """
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
+
     def __str__(self):
         return self.value
 
@@ -712,119 +757,108 @@ class InvocationException(Exception):
     """
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
+
     def __str__(self):
         return self.value
 
 
-
-class Node(object, Common):
+class Node(Common):
     """A graph node.
-    
+
     This class represents a graph's node with all its attributes.
-    
+
     node(name, attribute=value, ...)
-    
+
     name: node's name
-    
+
     All the attributes defined in the Graphviz dot language should
     be supported.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name = '', obj_dict = None, **attrs):
-    
+    def __init__(self, name='', obj_dict=None, **attrs):
+
         #
         # Nodes will take attributes of all other types because the defaults
         # for any GraphViz object are dealt with as if they were Node definitions
         #
-        
+
         if obj_dict is not None:
-        
             self.obj_dict = obj_dict
-            
         else:
-        
             self.obj_dict = dict()
-            
+
             # Copy the attributes
             #
-            self.obj_dict[ 'attributes' ] = dict( attrs )
-            self.obj_dict[ 'type' ] = 'node'
-            self.obj_dict[ 'parent_graph' ] = None
-            self.obj_dict[ 'parent_node_list' ] = None
-            self.obj_dict[ 'sequence' ] = None
-    
+            self.obj_dict['attributes'] = dict(attrs)
+            self.obj_dict['type'] = 'node'
+            self.obj_dict['parent_graph'] = None
+            self.obj_dict['parent_node_list'] = None
+            self.obj_dict['sequence'] = None
+
             # Remove the compass point
             #
             port = None
             if isinstance(name, basestring) and not name.startswith('"'):
                 idx = name.find(':')
-                if idx > 0 and idx+1 < len(name):
+                if idx > 0 and idx + 1 < len(name):
                     name, port = name[:idx], name[idx:]
 
             if isinstance(name, (long, int)):
                 name = str(name)
-            
-            self.obj_dict['name'] = quote_if_necessary( name )
+
+            self.obj_dict['name'] = quote_if_necessary(name)
             self.obj_dict['port'] = port
-        
+
         self.create_attribute_methods(NODE_ATTRIBUTES)
-        
-    
-    
+
     def set_name(self, node_name):
         """Set the node's name."""
-        
+
         self.obj_dict['name'] = node_name
-        
-        
+
     def get_name(self):
         """Get the node's name."""
-        
+
         return self.obj_dict['name']
 
-    
     def get_port(self):
         """Get the node's port."""
-        
-        return self.obj_dict['port']
 
+        return self.obj_dict['port']
 
     def add_style(self, style):
-    
+
         styles = self.obj_dict['attributes'].get('style', None)
         if not styles and style:
-            styles = [ style ]
+            styles = [style]
         else:
             styles = styles.split(',')
-            styles.append( style )
-        
-        self.obj_dict['attributes']['style'] = ','.join( styles )
-        
+            styles.append(style)
+
+        self.obj_dict['attributes']['style'] = ','.join(styles)
 
     def to_string(self):
         """Returns a string representation of the node in dot language.
         """
-        
-        
+
         # RMF: special case defaults for node, edge and graph properties.
         #
         node = quote_if_necessary(self.obj_dict['name'])
 
         node_attr = list()
 
-        for attr, value in self.obj_dict['attributes'].iteritems():
+        for attr, value in sorted(self.obj_dict['attributes'].items(), key=itemgetter(0)):
             if value is not None:
-                node_attr.append( '%s=%s' % (attr, quote_if_necessary(value) ) )
+                node_attr.append('%s=%s' % (attr, quote_if_necessary(value)))
             else:
-                node_attr.append( attr )
-                
-                
+                node_attr.append(attr)
+
         # No point in having nodes setting any defaults if the don't set
         # any attributes...
         #
         if node in ('graph', 'node', 'edge') and len(node_attr) == 0:
             return ''
-            
+
         node_attr = ', '.join(node_attr)
 
         if node_attr:
@@ -833,207 +867,191 @@ class Node(object, Common):
         return node + ';'
 
 
-
-class Edge(object,  Common ):
+class Edge(Common):
     """A graph edge.
-    
+
     This class represents a graph's edge with all its attributes.
-    
+
     edge(src, dst, attribute=value, ...)
-    
+
     src: source node's name
     dst: destination node's name
-    
+
     All the attributes defined in the Graphviz dot language should
     be supported.
-    
- 	Attributes can be set through the dynamically generated methods:
-    
+
+    Attributes can be set through the dynamically generated methods:
+
      set_[attribute name], i.e. set_label, set_fontname
-     
+
     or directly by using the instance's special dictionary:
-    
-     Edge.obj_dict['attributes'][attribute name], i.e. 
-     
+
+     Edge.obj_dict['attributes'][attribute name], i.e.
+
         edge_instance.obj_dict['attributes']['label']
         edge_instance.obj_dict['attributes']['fontname']
-        
-    """
-    
 
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, src='', dst='', obj_dict=None, **attrs):
-    
+
         if isinstance(src, (list, tuple)) and dst == '':
             src, dst = src
-            
+
         if obj_dict is not None:
-        
+
             self.obj_dict = obj_dict
-            
+
         else:
-        
+
             self.obj_dict = dict()
-            
+
             # Copy the attributes
             #
-            self.obj_dict[ 'attributes' ] = dict( attrs )
-            self.obj_dict[ 'type' ] = 'edge'
-            self.obj_dict[ 'parent_graph' ] = None
-            self.obj_dict[ 'parent_edge_list' ] = None
-            self.obj_dict[ 'sequence' ] = None
+            self.obj_dict['attributes'] = dict(attrs)
+            self.obj_dict['type'] = 'edge'
+            self.obj_dict['parent_graph'] = None
+            self.obj_dict['parent_edge_list'] = None
+            self.obj_dict['sequence'] = None
 
             if isinstance(src, Node):
                 src = src.get_name()
-                
+
             if isinstance(dst, Node):
                 dst = dst.get_name()
-    
-            points = ( quote_if_necessary( src) , quote_if_necessary( dst) )
-            
+
+            points = (quote_if_necessary(src), quote_if_necessary(dst))
+
             self.obj_dict['points'] = points
-            
-        self.create_attribute_methods(EDGE_ATTRIBUTES)
 
+        self.create_attribute_methods(EDGE_ATTRIBUTES)
 
     def get_source(self):
         """Get the edges source node name."""
-    
+
         return self.obj_dict['points'][0]
-        
-        
+
     def get_destination(self):
         """Get the edge's destination node name."""
-        
+
         return self.obj_dict['points'][1]
-            
-            
+
     def __hash__(self):
-        
-         return hash( hash(self.get_source()) + hash(self.get_destination()) )
-        
-        
+        return hash(hash(self.get_source()) + hash(self.get_destination()))
+
     def __eq__(self, edge):
         """Compare two edges.
-        
+
         If the parent graph is directed, arcs linking
         node A to B are considered equal and A->B != B->A
-        
+
         If the parent graph is undirected, any edge
         connecting two nodes is equal to any other
         edge connecting the same nodes, A->B == B->A
         """
-        
+
         if not isinstance(edge, Edge):
-            raise Error, "Can't compare and edge to a non-edge object."
-            
+            raise Error("Can't compare and edge to a non-edge object.")
+
         if self.get_parent_graph().get_top_graph_type() == 'graph':
-        
+
             # If the graph is undirected, the edge has neither
             # source nor destination.
             #
-            if	( ( self.get_source() == edge.get_source() and self.get_destination() == edge.get_destination() ) or
-                ( edge.get_source() == self.get_destination() and edge.get_destination() == self.get_source() ) ):
+            if ((self.get_source() == edge.get_source() and
+                    self.get_destination() == edge.get_destination()) or
+                (edge.get_source() == self.get_destination() and
+                    edge.get_destination() == self.get_source())):
                 return True
-                
+
         else:
-        
-            if self.get_source()==edge.get_source() and self.get_destination()==edge.get_destination() :
+            if (self.get_source() == edge.get_source() and
+                    self.get_destination() == edge.get_destination()):
                 return True
-                
+
         return False
 
-        
-    
     def parse_node_ref(self, node_str):
-    
+
         if not isinstance(node_str, str):
             return node_str
-    
+
         if node_str.startswith('"') and node_str.endswith('"'):
-        
             return node_str
-        
+
         node_port_idx = node_str.rfind(':')
-        
-        if node_port_idx>0 and node_str[0]=='"' and node_str[node_port_idx-1]=='"':
-        
+
+        if (node_port_idx > 0 and node_str[0] == '"' and
+                node_str[node_port_idx - 1] == '"'):
             return node_str
-                
-        if node_port_idx>0:
-        
+
+        if node_port_idx > 0:
             a = node_str[:node_port_idx]
-            b = node_str[node_port_idx+1:]
+            b = node_str[node_port_idx + 1:]
 
             node = quote_if_necessary(a)
 
-            node += ':'+quote_if_necessary(b)
+            node += ':' + quote_if_necessary(b)
 
             return node
-            
+
         return node_str
-        
-    
+
     def to_string(self):
         """Returns a string representation of the edge in dot language.
         """
 
-        src = self.parse_node_ref( self.get_source() )
-        dst = self.parse_node_ref( self.get_destination() )
-        
+        src = self.parse_node_ref(self.get_source())
+        dst = self.parse_node_ref(self.get_destination())
+
         if isinstance(src, frozendict):
-            edge = [ Subgraph(obj_dict=src).to_string() ]
+            edge = [Subgraph(obj_dict=src).to_string()]
         elif isinstance(src, (int, long)):
-            edge = [ str(src) ]
+            edge = [str(src)]
         else:
-            edge = [ src ]
-        
-        if	(self.get_parent_graph() and
-            self.get_parent_graph().get_top_graph_type() and
-            self.get_parent_graph().get_top_graph_type() == 'digraph' ):
-
-            edge.append( '->' )
-            
+            edge = [src]
+
+        if (self.get_parent_graph() and
+                self.get_parent_graph().get_top_graph_type() and
+                self.get_parent_graph().get_top_graph_type() == 'digraph'):
+
+            edge.append('->')
+
         else:
-            edge.append( '--' )
-            
+            edge.append('--')
+
         if isinstance(dst, frozendict):
-            edge.append( Subgraph(obj_dict=dst).to_string() )
+            edge.append(Subgraph(obj_dict=dst).to_string())
         elif isinstance(dst, (int, long)):
-            edge.append( str(dst) )
+            edge.append(str(dst))
         else:
-            edge.append( dst )
-
+            edge.append(dst)
 
         edge_attr = list()
-        
-        for attr, value in self.obj_dict['attributes'].iteritems():
-        
+
+        for attr, value in sorted(self.obj_dict['attributes'].items(), key=itemgetter(0)):
             if value is not None:
-                edge_attr.append( '%s=%s' % (attr, quote_if_necessary(value) ) )
+                edge_attr.append('%s=%s' % (attr, quote_if_necessary(value)))
             else:
-                edge_attr.append( attr )
+                edge_attr.append(attr)
 
         edge_attr = ', '.join(edge_attr)
-        
+
         if edge_attr:
-            edge.append( ' [' + edge_attr + ']' )
+            edge.append(' [' + edge_attr + ']')
 
         return ' '.join(edge) + ';'
-    
-    
-    
-    
-    
-class Graph(object, Common):
+
+
+class Graph(Common):
     """Class representing a graph in Graphviz's dot language.
 
     This class implements the methods to work on a representation
     of a graph in Graphviz's dot language.
-    
-    graph(  graph_name='G', graph_type='digraph',
+
+    graph(graph_name='G', graph_type='digraph',
         strict=False, suppress_disconnected=False, attribute=value, ...)
-    
+
     graph_name:
         the graph's name
     graph_type:
@@ -1045,222 +1063,178 @@ class Graph(object, Common):
         if True it will avoid displaying equal edges, i.e.
         only one edge between two nodes. removing the
         duplicated ones.
-        
+
     All the attributes defined in the Graphviz dot language should
     be supported.
-    
+
     Attributes can be set through the dynamically generated methods:
-    
+
      set_[attribute name], i.e. set_size, set_fontname
-     
+
     or using the instance's attributes:
-    
-     Graph.obj_dict['attributes'][attribute name], i.e. 
-     
+
+     Graph.obj_dict['attributes'][attribute name], i.e.
+
         graph_instance.obj_dict['attributes']['label']
         graph_instance.obj_dict['attributes']['fontname']
     """
-    
 
-    def __init__(self, graph_name='G', obj_dict=None, graph_type='digraph', strict=False,
-        suppress_disconnected=False, simplify=False, **attrs):
+    def __init__(
+            self, graph_name='G', obj_dict=None, graph_type='digraph', strict=False,
+            suppress_disconnected=False, simplify=False, **attrs):
 
         if obj_dict is not None:
             self.obj_dict = obj_dict
-            
         else:
-
             self.obj_dict = dict()
-            
+
             self.obj_dict['attributes'] = dict(attrs)
-            
+
             if graph_type not in ['graph', 'digraph']:
-                raise Error, 'Invalid type "%s". Accepted graph types are: graph, digraph, subgraph' % graph_type
-    
-    
+                raise Error((
+                    'Invalid type "%s". Accepted graph types are: '
+                    'graph, digraph, subgraph' % graph_type
+                    ))
+
             self.obj_dict['name'] = quote_if_necessary(graph_name)
             self.obj_dict['type'] = graph_type
-            
+
             self.obj_dict['strict'] = strict
             self.obj_dict['suppress_disconnected'] = suppress_disconnected
             self.obj_dict['simplify'] = simplify
-    
+
             self.obj_dict['current_child_sequence'] = 1
             self.obj_dict['nodes'] = dict()
             self.obj_dict['edges'] = dict()
             self.obj_dict['subgraphs'] = dict()
 
             self.set_parent_graph(self)
-            
 
         self.create_attribute_methods(GRAPH_ATTRIBUTES)
 
-
     def get_graph_type(self):
-    
         return self.obj_dict['type']
 
-
     def get_top_graph_type(self):
-    
         parent = self
         while True:
             parent_ = parent.get_parent_graph()
             if parent_ == parent:
                 break
             parent = parent_
-    
+
         return parent.obj_dict['type']
-                
 
     def set_graph_defaults(self, **attrs):
-
-        self.add_node( Node('graph', **attrs) )
-
+        self.add_node(Node('graph', **attrs))
 
     def get_graph_defaults(self, **attrs):
-    
+
         graph_nodes = self.get_node('graph')
-        
-        if isinstance( graph_nodes, (list, tuple)):
-            return [ node.get_attributes() for node in graph_nodes ]
-            
-        return graph_nodes.get_attributes()            
-            
-        
 
-    def set_node_defaults(self, **attrs):
+        if isinstance(graph_nodes, (list, tuple)):
+            return [node.get_attributes() for node in graph_nodes]
 
-        self.add_node( Node('node', **attrs) )
+        return graph_nodes.get_attributes()
 
+    def set_node_defaults(self, **attrs):
+        self.add_node(Node('node', **attrs))
 
     def get_node_defaults(self, **attrs):
-    
-    
         graph_nodes = self.get_node('node')
 
-        if isinstance( graph_nodes, (list, tuple)):
-            return [ node.get_attributes() for node in graph_nodes ]
-            
-        return graph_nodes.get_attributes()            
-        
-
-    def set_edge_defaults(self, **attrs):
-
-        self.add_node( Node('edge', **attrs) )
+        if isinstance(graph_nodes, (list, tuple)):
+            return [node.get_attributes() for node in graph_nodes]
 
+        return graph_nodes.get_attributes()
 
+    def set_edge_defaults(self, **attrs):
+        self.add_node(Node('edge', **attrs))
 
     def get_edge_defaults(self, **attrs):
-    
         graph_nodes = self.get_node('edge')
 
-        if isinstance( graph_nodes, (list, tuple)):
-            return [ node.get_attributes() for node in graph_nodes ]
-            
-        return graph_nodes.get_attributes()            
+        if isinstance(graph_nodes, (list, tuple)):
+            return [node.get_attributes() for node in graph_nodes]
 
-    
+        return graph_nodes.get_attributes()
 
     def set_simplify(self, simplify):
         """Set whether to simplify or not.
-        
+
         If True it will avoid displaying equal edges, i.e.
         only one edge between two nodes. removing the
         duplicated ones.
         """
-        
-        self.obj_dict['simplify'] = simplify
-
 
+        self.obj_dict['simplify'] = simplify
 
     def get_simplify(self):
         """Get whether to simplify or not.
-        
+
         Refer to set_simplify for more information.
         """
-        
+
         return self.obj_dict['simplify']
 
-            
     def set_type(self, graph_type):
         """Set the graph's type, 'graph' or 'digraph'."""
 
         self.obj_dict['type'] = graph_type
 
-
-        
     def get_type(self):
         """Get the graph's type, 'graph' or 'digraph'."""
 
         return self.obj_dict['type']
 
-
-
     def set_name(self, graph_name):
         """Set the graph's name."""
-        
-        self.obj_dict['name'] = graph_name
-
 
+        self.obj_dict['name'] = graph_name
 
     def get_name(self):
         """Get the graph's name."""
-        
-        return self.obj_dict['name']
 
+        return self.obj_dict['name']
 
-                    
     def set_strict(self, val):
         """Set graph to 'strict' mode.
-        
+
         This option is only valid for top level graphs.
         """
-        
-        self.obj_dict['strict'] = val
-
 
+        self.obj_dict['strict'] = val
 
     def get_strict(self, val):
         """Get graph's 'strict' mode (True, False).
-        
+
         This option is only valid for top level graphs.
         """
-        
-        return self.obj_dict['strict']
-        
 
+        return self.obj_dict['strict']
 
     def set_suppress_disconnected(self, val):
         """Suppress disconnected nodes in the output graph.
-        
+
         This option will skip nodes in the graph with no incoming or outgoing
         edges. This option works also for subgraphs and has effect only in the
         current graph/subgraph.
         """
-        
-        self.obj_dict['suppress_disconnected'] = val
-            
 
+        self.obj_dict['suppress_disconnected'] = val
 
     def get_suppress_disconnected(self, val):
         """Get if suppress disconnected is set.
-        
+
         Refer to set_suppress_disconnected for more information.
         """
-        
+
         return self.obj_dict['suppress_disconnected']
-            
 
     def get_next_sequence_number(self):
-    
         seq = self.obj_dict['current_child_sequence']
-        
         self.obj_dict['current_child_sequence'] += 1
-        
         return seq
-        
-
 
     def add_node(self, graph_node):
         """Adds a node object to the graph.
@@ -1268,106 +1242,101 @@ class Graph(object, Common):
         It takes a node object as its only argument and returns
         None.
         """
-        
+
         if not isinstance(graph_node, Node):
             raise TypeError('add_node() received a non node class object: ' + str(graph_node))
 
-            
         node = self.get_node(graph_node.get_name())
-        
+
         if not node:
+            self.obj_dict['nodes'][graph_node.get_name()] = [graph_node.obj_dict]
 
-            self.obj_dict['nodes'][graph_node.get_name()] = [ graph_node.obj_dict ]
-            
             #self.node_dict[graph_node.get_name()] = graph_node.attributes
             graph_node.set_parent_graph(self.get_parent_graph())
-                
         else:
-        
-            self.obj_dict['nodes'][graph_node.get_name()].append( graph_node.obj_dict )
+            self.obj_dict['nodes'][graph_node.get_name()].append(graph_node.obj_dict)
 
         graph_node.set_sequence(self.get_next_sequence_number())
 
-
-
     def del_node(self, name, index=None):
         """Delete a node from the graph.
-        
+
         Given a node's name all node(s) with that same name
         will be deleted if 'index' is not specified or set
         to None.
         If there are several nodes with that same name and
         'index' is given, only the node in that position
         will be deleted.
-        
-        'index' should be an integer specifying the position 
+
+        'index' should be an integer specifying the position
         of the node to delete. If index is larger than the
         number of nodes with that name, no action is taken.
-        
+
         If nodes are deleted it returns True. If no action
         is taken it returns False.
         """
-    
+
         if isinstance(name, Node):
             name = name.get_name()
-        
-        if self.obj_dict['nodes'].has_key(name):
-        
+
+        if name in self.obj_dict['nodes']:
             if index is not None and index < len(self.obj_dict['nodes'][name]):
                 del self.obj_dict['nodes'][name][index]
                 return True
             else:
                 del self.obj_dict['nodes'][name]
                 return True
-        
+
         return False
-                        
 
     def get_node(self, name):
         """Retrieve a node from the graph.
-        
+
         Given a node's name the corresponding Node
         instance will be returned.
-        
+
         If one or more nodes exist with that name a list of
         Node instances is returned.
         An empty list is returned otherwise.
         """
-        
+
         match = list()
-        
-        if self.obj_dict['nodes'].has_key(name):
-        
-            match.extend( [ Node( obj_dict = obj_dict ) for obj_dict in self.obj_dict['nodes'][name] ])
-        
-        return match
 
+        if name in self.obj_dict['nodes']:
+            match.extend([
+                Node(obj_dict=obj_dict)
+                for obj_dict
+                in self.obj_dict['nodes'][name]
+                ])
+
+        return match
 
     def get_nodes(self):
         """Get the list of Node instances."""
-        
+
         return self.get_node_list()
-        
-        
+
     def get_node_list(self):
         """Get the list of Node instances.
-        
+
         This method returns the list of Node instances
         composing the graph.
         """
-        
+
         node_objs = list()
-        
-        for node, obj_dict_list in self.obj_dict['nodes'].iteritems():
-                node_objs.extend( [ Node( obj_dict = obj_d ) for obj_d in obj_dict_list ] )
-        
-        return node_objs
 
+        for node, obj_dict_list in self.obj_dict['nodes'].items():
+            node_objs.extend([
+                Node(obj_dict=obj_d)
+                for obj_d
+                in obj_dict_list
+                ])
 
+        return node_objs
 
     def add_edge(self, graph_edge):
         """Adds an edge object to the graph.
-        
+
         It takes a edge object as its only argument and returns
         None.
         """
@@ -1375,78 +1344,70 @@ class Graph(object, Common):
         if not isinstance(graph_edge, Edge):
             raise TypeError('add_edge() received a non edge class object: ' + str(graph_edge))
 
-        edge_points = ( graph_edge.get_source(), graph_edge.get_destination() )
+        edge_points = (graph_edge.get_source(), graph_edge.get_destination())
 
-        if self.obj_dict['edges'].has_key(edge_points):
+        if edge_points in self.obj_dict['edges']:
 
             edge_list = self.obj_dict['edges'][edge_points]
             edge_list.append(graph_edge.obj_dict)
-
         else:
+            self.obj_dict['edges'][edge_points] = [graph_edge.obj_dict]
 
-            self.obj_dict['edges'][edge_points] = [ graph_edge.obj_dict ]
-
-
-        graph_edge.set_sequence( self.get_next_sequence_number() )
-
-        graph_edge.set_parent_graph( self.get_parent_graph() )
-
-
+        graph_edge.set_sequence(self.get_next_sequence_number())
+        graph_edge.set_parent_graph(self.get_parent_graph())
 
     def del_edge(self, src_or_list, dst=None, index=None):
         """Delete an edge from the graph.
-        
+
         Given an edge's (source, destination) node names all
         matching edges(s) will be deleted if 'index' is not
         specified or set to None.
         If there are several matching edges and 'index' is
         given, only the edge in that position will be deleted.
-        
-        'index' should be an integer specifying the position 
+
+        'index' should be an integer specifying the position
         of the edge to delete. If index is larger than the
         number of matching edges, no action is taken.
-        
+
         If edges are deleted it returns True. If no action
         is taken it returns False.
         """
 
-        if isinstance( src_or_list, (list, tuple)):
+        if isinstance(src_or_list, (list, tuple)):
             if dst is not None and isinstance(dst, (int, long)):
                 index = dst
             src, dst = src_or_list
         else:
             src, dst = src_or_list, dst
-    
+
         if isinstance(src, Node):
             src = src.get_name()
 
         if isinstance(dst, Node):
             dst = dst.get_name()
-        
-        if self.obj_dict['edges'].has_key( (src, dst) ):
-        
+
+        if (src, dst) in self.obj_dict['edges']:
             if index is not None and index < len(self.obj_dict['edges'][(src, dst)]):
                 del self.obj_dict['edges'][(src, dst)][index]
                 return True
             else:
                 del self.obj_dict['edges'][(src, dst)]
                 return True
-        
+
         return False
-        
 
     def get_edge(self, src_or_list, dst=None):
         """Retrieved an edge from the graph.
-        
+
         Given an edge's source and destination the corresponding
         Edge instance(s) will be returned.
-        
+
         If one or more edges exist with that source and destination
         a list of Edge instances is returned.
         An empty list is returned otherwise.
         """
 
-        if isinstance( src_or_list, (list, tuple)) and dst is None:
+        if isinstance(src_or_list, (list, tuple)) and dst is None:
             edge_points = tuple(src_or_list)
             edge_points_reverse = (edge_points[1], edge_points[0])
         else:
@@ -1454,224 +1415,205 @@ class Graph(object, Common):
             edge_points_reverse = (dst, src_or_list)
 
         match = list()
-        
-        if self.obj_dict['edges'].has_key( edge_points ) or (
-            self.get_top_graph_type() == 'graph' and self.obj_dict['edges'].has_key( edge_points_reverse )):
-        
+
+        if edge_points in self.obj_dict['edges'] or (
+                self.get_top_graph_type() == 'graph' and
+                edge_points_reverse in self.obj_dict['edges']
+                ):
+
             edges_obj_dict = self.obj_dict['edges'].get(
                 edge_points,
-                self.obj_dict['edges'].get( edge_points_reverse, None ))
-        
+                self.obj_dict['edges'].get(edge_points_reverse, None))
+
             for edge_obj_dict in edges_obj_dict:
-                match.append( Edge( edge_points[0], edge_points[1], obj_dict = edge_obj_dict ) )
+                match.append(
+                    Edge(edge_points[0], edge_points[1], obj_dict=edge_obj_dict)
+                    )
 
         return match
 
-
     def get_edges(self):
         return self.get_edge_list()
-        
-        
+
     def get_edge_list(self):
         """Get the list of Edge instances.
-        
+
         This method returns the list of Edge instances
         composing the graph.
         """
-        
+
         edge_objs = list()
-        
-        for edge, obj_dict_list in self.obj_dict['edges'].iteritems():
-                edge_objs.extend( [ Edge( obj_dict = obj_d ) for obj_d in obj_dict_list ] )
-        
-        return edge_objs
 
+        for edge, obj_dict_list in self.obj_dict['edges'].items():
+            edge_objs.extend([
+                Edge(obj_dict=obj_d)
+                for obj_d
+                in obj_dict_list
+                ])
+
+        return edge_objs
 
-            
     def add_subgraph(self, sgraph):
         """Adds an subgraph object to the graph.
-        
+
         It takes a subgraph object as its only argument and returns
         None.
         """
 
         if not isinstance(sgraph, Subgraph) and not isinstance(sgraph, Cluster):
             raise TypeError('add_subgraph() received a non subgraph class object:' + str(sgraph))
-            
-        if self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].has_key(sgraph.get_name()):
-        
-            sgraph_list = self.obj_dict['subgraphs'][ sgraph.get_name() ]
-            sgraph_list.append( sgraph.obj_dict )
-                
+
+        if sgraph.get_name() in self.obj_dict['subgraphs']:
+
+            sgraph_list = self.obj_dict['subgraphs'][sgraph.get_name()]
+            sgraph_list.append(sgraph.obj_dict)
+
         else:
-            self.obj_dict['subgraphs'][ sgraph.get_name() ] = [ sgraph.obj_dict ]
-         
-        sgraph.set_sequence( self.get_next_sequence_number() )
-        
-        sgraph.set_parent_graph( self.get_parent_graph() )
+            self.obj_dict['subgraphs'][sgraph.get_name()] = [sgraph.obj_dict]
 
+        sgraph.set_sequence(self.get_next_sequence_number())
 
+        sgraph.set_parent_graph(self.get_parent_graph())
 
-    
     def get_subgraph(self, name):
         """Retrieved a subgraph from the graph.
-        
+
         Given a subgraph's name the corresponding
         Subgraph instance will be returned.
-        
+
         If one or more subgraphs exist with the same name, a list of
         Subgraph instances is returned.
         An empty list is returned otherwise.
         """
-        
+
         match = list()
-        
-        if self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].has_key( name ):
-        
-            sgraphs_obj_dict = self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].get( name )
-        
+
+        if name in self.obj_dict['subgraphs']:
+            sgraphs_obj_dict = self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].get(name)
+
             for obj_dict_list in sgraphs_obj_dict:
-                #match.extend( Subgraph( obj_dict = obj_d ) for obj_d in obj_dict_list )
-                match.append( Subgraph( obj_dict = obj_dict_list ) )
-        
-        return match
+                #match.extend(Subgraph(obj_dict = obj_d) for obj_d in obj_dict_list)
+                match.append(Subgraph(obj_dict=obj_dict_list))
 
+        return match
 
     def get_subgraphs(self):
-    
         return self.get_subgraph_list()
-        
-        
+
     def get_subgraph_list(self):
         """Get the list of Subgraph instances.
-        
+
         This method returns the list of Subgraph instances
         in the graph.
         """
-        
+
         sgraph_objs = list()
-        
-        for sgraph, obj_dict_list in self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].iteritems():
-                sgraph_objs.extend( [ Subgraph( obj_dict = obj_d ) for obj_d in obj_dict_list ] )
-        
-        return sgraph_objs
-            
 
+        for sgraph, obj_dict_list in self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].items():
+            sgraph_objs.extend([
+                Subgraph(obj_dict=obj_d)
+                for obj_d
+                in obj_dict_list
+                ])
+
+        return sgraph_objs
 
     def set_parent_graph(self, parent_graph):
-    
+
         self.obj_dict['parent_graph'] = parent_graph
-        
-        for obj_list in self.obj_dict['nodes'].itervalues():
+
+        for obj_list in self.obj_dict['nodes'].values():
             for obj in obj_list:
                 obj['parent_graph'] = parent_graph
 
-        for obj_list in self.obj_dict['edges'].itervalues():
+        for obj_list in self.obj_dict['edges'].values():
             for obj in obj_list:
                 obj['parent_graph'] = parent_graph
 
-        for obj_list in self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].itervalues():
+        for obj_list in self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].values():
             for obj in obj_list:
                 Graph(obj_dict=obj).set_parent_graph(parent_graph)
 
-
-
     def to_string(self):
         """Returns a string representation of the graph in dot language.
-        
+
         It will return the graph and all its subelements in string from.
         """
-        
-        
+
         graph = list()
-        
+
         if self.obj_dict.get('strict', None) is not None:
-        
-            if self==self.get_parent_graph() and self.obj_dict['strict']:
-            
+            if self == self.get_parent_graph() and self.obj_dict['strict']:
                 graph.append('strict ')
 
         if self.obj_dict['name'] == '':
             if 'show_keyword' in self.obj_dict and self.obj_dict['show_keyword']:
-                graph.append( 'subgraph {\n' )
+                graph.append('subgraph {\n')
             else:
-                graph.append( '{\n' )
+                graph.append('{\n')
         else:
-            graph.append( '%s %s {\n' % (self.obj_dict['type'], self.obj_dict['name']) )
-
+            graph.append('%s %s {\n' % (self.obj_dict['type'], self.obj_dict['name']))
 
-        for attr in self.obj_dict['attributes'].iterkeys():
-        
-            if self.obj_dict['attributes'].get(attr, None) is not None:
-       
-                val = self.obj_dict['attributes'].get(attr)
-                if val is not None:
-                    graph.append( '%s=%s' % (attr, quote_if_necessary(val)) )
-                else:
-                    graph.append( attr )
-                    
-                graph.append( ';\n' )
+        for attr, value in sorted(self.obj_dict['attributes'].items(), key=itemgetter(0)):
+            if value is not None:
+                graph.append('%s=%s' % (attr, quote_if_necessary(value)))
+            else:
+                graph.append(attr)
 
+            graph.append(';\n')
 
         edges_done = set()
-        
+
         edge_obj_dicts = list()
-        for e in self.obj_dict['edges'].itervalues():
+        for e in self.obj_dict['edges'].values():
             edge_obj_dicts.extend(e)
-            
+
         if edge_obj_dicts:
-            edge_src_set, edge_dst_set = zip( *[obj['points'] for obj in edge_obj_dicts] )
+            edge_src_set, edge_dst_set = list(zip(*[obj['points'] for obj in edge_obj_dicts]))
             edge_src_set, edge_dst_set = set(edge_src_set), set(edge_dst_set)
         else:
             edge_src_set, edge_dst_set = set(), set()
-            
+
         node_obj_dicts = list()
-        for e in self.obj_dict['nodes'].itervalues():
+        for e in self.obj_dict['nodes'].values():
             node_obj_dicts.extend(e)
 
         sgraph_obj_dicts = list()
-        for sg in self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].itervalues():
+        for sg in self.obj_dict['subgraphs'].values():
             sgraph_obj_dicts.extend(sg)
 
-        
-        obj_list = [ (obj['sequence'], obj) for obj in (edge_obj_dicts + node_obj_dicts + sgraph_obj_dicts) ]
-        obj_list.sort()
-        
+        obj_list = sorted([
+            (obj['sequence'], obj)
+            for obj
+            in (edge_obj_dicts + node_obj_dicts + sgraph_obj_dicts)
+            ])
+
         for idx, obj in obj_list:
-        
             if obj['type'] == 'node':
-
                 node = Node(obj_dict=obj)
-            
+
                 if self.obj_dict.get('suppress_disconnected', False):
-                
                     if (node.get_name() not in edge_src_set and
-                        node.get_name() not in edge_dst_set):
-                        
+                            node.get_name() not in edge_dst_set):
                         continue
-                        
-                graph.append( node.to_string()+'\n' )
 
-            elif obj['type'] == 'edge':
+                graph.append(node.to_string() + '\n')
 
+            elif obj['type'] == 'edge':
                 edge = Edge(obj_dict=obj)
-                
+
                 if self.obj_dict.get('simplify', False) and edge in edges_done:
                     continue
-                
-                graph.append( edge.to_string() + '\n' )
+
+                graph.append(edge.to_string() + '\n')
                 edges_done.add(edge)
-                
             else:
-            
                 sgraph = Subgraph(obj_dict=obj)
-                
-                graph.append( sgraph.to_string()+'\n' )
+                graph.append(sgraph.to_string() + '\n')
 
-        graph.append( '}\n' )
-        
-        return ''.join(graph)
+        graph.append('}\n')
 
+        return ''.join(graph)
 
 
 class Subgraph(Graph):
@@ -1680,9 +1622,9 @@ class Subgraph(Graph):
 
     This class implements the methods to work on a representation
     of a subgraph in Graphviz's dot language.
-    
+
     subgraph(graph_name='subG', suppress_disconnected=False, attribute=value, ...)
-    
+
     graph_name:
         the subgraph's name
     suppress_disconnected:
@@ -1690,46 +1632,43 @@ class Subgraph(Graph):
         subgraph any disconnected nodes.
     All the attributes defined in the Graphviz dot language should
     be supported.
-    
+
     Attributes can be set through the dynamically generated methods:
-    
+
      set_[attribute name], i.e. set_size, set_fontname
-     
+
     or using the instance's attributes:
-    
-     Subgraph.obj_dict['attributes'][attribute name], i.e. 
-     
+
+     Subgraph.obj_dict['attributes'][attribute name], i.e.
+
         subgraph_instance.obj_dict['attributes']['label']
         subgraph_instance.obj_dict['attributes']['fontname']
     """
-    
-    
+
     # RMF: subgraph should have all the attributes of graph so it can be passed
     # as a graph to all methods
     #
-    def __init__(self, graph_name='', obj_dict=None, suppress_disconnected=False,
-        simplify=False, **attrs):
-        
+    def __init__(
+            self, graph_name='', obj_dict=None, suppress_disconnected=False,
+            simplify=False, **attrs):
 
-        Graph.__init__(self, graph_name=graph_name, obj_dict=obj_dict,
+        Graph.__init__(
+            self, graph_name=graph_name, obj_dict=obj_dict,
             suppress_disconnected=suppress_disconnected, simplify=simplify, **attrs)
 
         if obj_dict is None:
-
             self.obj_dict['type'] = 'subgraph'
 
 
-
-
 class Cluster(Graph):
 
     """Class representing a cluster in Graphviz's dot language.
 
     This class implements the methods to work on a representation
     of a cluster in Graphviz's dot language.
-    
+
     cluster(graph_name='subG', suppress_disconnected=False, attribute=value, ...)
-    
+
     graph_name:
         the cluster's name (the string 'cluster' will be always prepended)
     suppress_disconnected:
@@ -1737,38 +1676,35 @@ class Cluster(Graph):
         cluster any disconnected nodes.
     All the attributes defined in the Graphviz dot language should
     be supported.
-    
+
     Attributes can be set through the dynamically generated methods:
-    
+
      set_[attribute name], i.e. set_color, set_fontname
-     
+
     or using the instance's attributes:
-    
-     Cluster.obj_dict['attributes'][attribute name], i.e. 
-     
+
+     Cluster.obj_dict['attributes'][attribute name], i.e.
+
         cluster_instance.obj_dict['attributes']['label']
         cluster_instance.obj_dict['attributes']['fontname']
     """
-    
 
-    def __init__(self, graph_name='subG', obj_dict=None, suppress_disconnected=False,
-        simplify=False, **attrs):
+    def __init__(
+            self, graph_name='subG', obj_dict=None, suppress_disconnected=False,
+            simplify=False, **attrs):
 
-        Graph.__init__(self, graph_name=graph_name, obj_dict=obj_dict,
-            suppress_disconnected=suppress_disconnected, simplify=simplify, **attrs)
+        Graph.__init__(
+            self, graph_name=graph_name, obj_dict=obj_dict,
+            suppress_disconnected=suppress_disconnected, simplify=simplify, **attrs
+            )
 
         if obj_dict is None:
-
             self.obj_dict['type'] = 'subgraph'
-            self.obj_dict['name'] = 'cluster_'+graph_name
+            self.obj_dict['name'] = 'cluster_' + graph_name
 
         self.create_attribute_methods(CLUSTER_ATTRIBUTES)
 
 
-
-   
-
-
 class Dot(Graph):
     """A container for handling a dot language file.
 
@@ -1776,144 +1712,148 @@ class Dot(Graph):
     a dot language file. It is a derived class of
     the base class 'Graph'.
     """
-    
-    
-     
+
     def __init__(self, *argsl, **argsd):
         Graph.__init__(self, *argsl, **argsd)
 
         self.shape_files = list()
-
         self.progs = None
-        
-        self.formats = ['canon', 'cmap', 'cmapx', 'cmapx_np', 'dia', 'dot',
+        self.formats = [
+            'canon', 'cmap', 'cmapx', 'cmapx_np', 'dia', 'dot',
             'fig', 'gd', 'gd2', 'gif', 'hpgl', 'imap', 'imap_np', 'ismap',
             'jpe', 'jpeg', 'jpg', 'mif', 'mp', 'pcl', 'pdf', 'pic', 'plain',
             'plain-ext', 'png', 'ps', 'ps2', 'svg', 'svgz', 'vml', 'vmlz',
-            'vrml', 'vtx', 'wbmp', 'xdot', 'xlib' ]
-
+            'vrml', 'vtx', 'wbmp', 'xdot', 'xlib'
+            ]
         self.prog = 'dot'
-        
+
         # Automatically creates all the methods enabling the creation
         # of output in any of the supported formats.
         for frmt in self.formats:
             self.__setattr__(
-                'create_'+frmt,
-                lambda f=frmt, prog=self.prog : self.create(format=f, prog=prog))
-            f = self.__dict__['create_'+frmt]
-            f.__doc__ = '''Refer to the docstring accompanying the 'create' method for more information.'''
-            
-        for frmt in self.formats+['raw']:
+                'create_' + frmt,
+                lambda f=frmt, prog=self.prog: self.create(format=f, prog=prog)
+                )
+            f = self.__dict__['create_' + frmt]
+            f.__doc__ = (
+                '''Refer to the docstring accompanying the'''
+                ''''create' method for more information.'''
+                )
+
+        for frmt in self.formats + ['raw']:
             self.__setattr__(
-                'write_'+frmt,
-                lambda path, f=frmt, prog=self.prog : self.write(path, format=f, prog=prog))
-                
-            f = self.__dict__['write_'+frmt]
-            f.__doc__ = '''Refer to the docstring accompanying the 'write' method for more information.'''
-        
-        
-    
+                'write_' + frmt,
+                lambda path, f=frmt, prog=self.prog: self.write(path, format=f, prog=prog)
+                )
+
+            f = self.__dict__['write_' + frmt]
+            f.__doc__ = (
+                '''Refer to the docstring accompanying the'''
+                ''''write' method for more information.'''
+                )
+
     def __getstate__(self):
-        
-        dict = copy.copy(self.obj_dict)
-        
-        return dict
-    
+        return copy.copy(self.obj_dict)
+
     def __setstate__(self, state):
-        
         self.obj_dict = state
-        
-    
+
     def set_shape_files(self, file_paths):
         """Add the paths of the required image files.
-        
+
         If the graph needs graphic objects to be used as shapes or otherwise
         those need to be in the same folder as the graph is going to be rendered
         from. Alternatively the absolute path to the files can be specified when
         including the graphics in the graph.
-        
+
         The files in the location pointed to by the path(s) specified as arguments
         to this method will be copied to the same temporary location where the
         graph is going to be rendered.
         """
-        
-        if isinstance( file_paths, basestring ):
-            self.shape_files.append( file_paths )
-            
-        if isinstance( file_paths, (list, tuple) ):
-            self.shape_files.extend( file_paths )
-    
-                
+
+        if isinstance(file_paths, basestring):
+            self.shape_files.append(file_paths)
+
+        if isinstance(file_paths, (list, tuple)):
+            self.shape_files.extend(file_paths)
+
     def set_prog(self, prog):
         """Sets the default program.
-        
+
         Sets the default program in charge of processing
         the dot file into a graph.
         """
         self.prog = prog
-        
 
     def set_graphviz_executables(self, paths):
         """This method allows to manually specify the location of the GraphViz executables.
-        
+
         The argument to this method should be a dictionary where the keys are as follows:
-        
+
             {'dot': '', 'twopi': '', 'neato': '', 'circo': '', 'fdp': ''}
-            
+
         and the values are the paths to the corresponding executable, including the name
         of the executable itself.
         """
-    
-        self.progs = paths
 
+        self.progs = paths
 
     def write(self, path, prog=None, format='raw'):
-        """Writes a graph to a file.
-
+        """
         Given a filename 'path' it will open/create and truncate
         such file and write on it a representation of the graph
         defined by the dot object and in the format specified by
-        'format'.
+        'format'. 'path' can also be an open file-like object, such as
+        a StringIO instance.
+
         The format 'raw' is used to dump the string representation
         of the Dot object, without further processing.
         The output can be processed by any of graphviz tools, defined
         in 'prog', which defaults to 'dot'
         Returns True or False according to the success of the write
         operation.
-        
+
         There's also the preferred possibility of using:
-        
+
             write_'format'(path, prog='program')
-            
+
         which are automatically defined for all the supported formats.
         [write_ps(), write_gif(), write_dia(), ...]
-        """
 
+        """
         if prog is None:
             prog = self.prog
-        
-        dot_fd = file(path, "w+b")
-        if format == 'raw':
-            data = self.to_string()
-            if isinstance(data, basestring):
-                if not isinstance(data, unicode):
-                    try:
-                        data = unicode(data, 'utf-8')
-                    except:
-                        pass
-                        
-            try:
-                data = data.encode('utf-8')
-            except:
-                pass
-            dot_fd.write(data)
-        else:
-            dot_fd.write(self.create(prog, format))
-        dot_fd.close()
 
-        return True
-        
+        fobj, close = get_fobj(path, 'w+b')
+        try:
+            if format == 'raw':
+                data = self.to_string()
+                if isinstance(data, basestring):
+                    if not isinstance(data, unicode):
+                        try:
+                            data = unicode(data, 'utf-8')
+                        except:
+                            pass
+
+                try:
+                    charset = self.get_charset()
+                    if not PY3 or not charset:
+                        charset = 'utf-8'
+                    data = data.encode(charset)
+                except:
+                    if PY3:
+                        data = data.encode('utf-8')
+                    pass
+
+                fobj.write(data)
+
+            else:
+                fobj.write(self.create(prog, format))
+        finally:
+            if close:
+                fobj.close()
 
+        return True
 
     def create(self, prog=None, format='ps'):
         """Creates and returns a Postscript representation of the graph.
@@ -1923,75 +1863,71 @@ class Dot(Graph):
         reading the Postscript output and returning it as a string is the
         operation is successful.
         On failure None is returned.
-        
+
         There's also the preferred possibility of using:
-        
+
             create_'format'(prog='program')
-            
+
         which are automatically defined for all the supported formats.
         [create_ps(), create_gif(), create_dia(), ...]
-        
+
         If 'prog' is a list instead of a string the fist item is expected
         to be the program name, followed by any optional command-line
         arguments for it:
-        
-            [ 'twopi', '-Tdot', '-s10' ]
+
+            ['twopi', '-Tdot', '-s10']
         """
-        
+
         if prog is None:
             prog = self.prog
-            
+
         if isinstance(prog, (list, tuple)):
             prog, args = prog[0], prog[1:]
         else:
             args = []
-            
+
         if self.progs is None:
             self.progs = find_graphviz()
             if self.progs is None:
                 raise InvocationException(
-                    'GraphViz\'s executables not found' )
-                
-        if not self.progs.has_key(prog):
+                    'GraphViz\'s executables not found')
+
+        if prog not in self.progs:
             raise InvocationException(
-                'GraphViz\'s executable "%s" not found' % prog )
-            
-        if not os.path.exists( self.progs[prog] ) or not os.path.isfile( self.progs[prog] ):
+                'GraphViz\'s executable "%s" not found' % prog)
+
+        if not os.path.exists(self.progs[prog]) or not os.path.isfile(self.progs[prog]):
             raise InvocationException(
-                'GraphViz\'s executable "%s" is not a file or doesn\'t exist' % self.progs[prog] )
-            
-            
+                'GraphViz\'s executable "%s" is not a file or doesn\'t exist' % self.progs[prog])
+
         tmp_fd, tmp_name = tempfile.mkstemp()
         os.close(tmp_fd)
         self.write(tmp_name)
-        tmp_dir = os.path.dirname(tmp_name )
-        
+        tmp_dir = os.path.dirname(tmp_name)
+
         # For each of the image files...
-        #
         for img in self.shape_files:
-        
+
             # Get its data
-            #
-            f = file(img, 'rb')
+            f = open(img, 'rb')
             f_data = f.read()
             f.close()
-            
+
             # And copy it under a file with the same name in the temporary directory
-            #
-            f = file( os.path.join( tmp_dir, os.path.basename(img) ), 'wb' )
+            f = open(os.path.join(tmp_dir, os.path.basename(img)), 'wb')
             f.write(f_data)
             f.close()
-        
-        cmdline = [self.progs[prog], '-T'+format, tmp_name] + args
-        
+
+        cmdline = [self.progs[prog], '-T' + format, tmp_name] + args
+
         p = subprocess.Popen(
             cmdline,
             cwd=tmp_dir,
             stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-            
+
         stderr = p.stderr
         stdout = p.stdout
-        
+
         stdout_output = list()
         while True:
             data = stdout.read()
@@ -1999,9 +1935,9 @@ class Dot(Graph):
                 break
             stdout_output.append(data)
         stdout.close()
-            
-        stdout_output = ''.join(stdout_output)
-        
+
+        stdout_output = NULL_SEP.join(stdout_output)
+
         if not stderr.closed:
             stderr_output = list()
             while True:
@@ -2010,29 +1946,28 @@ class Dot(Graph):
                     break
                 stderr_output.append(data)
             stderr.close()
-                
+
             if stderr_output:
-                stderr_output = ''.join(stderr_output)
-            
+                stderr_output = NULL_SEP.join(stderr_output)
+                if PY3:
+                    stderr_output = stderr_output.decode(sys.stderr.encoding)
+
         #pid, status = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0)
         status = p.wait()
-        
-        if status != 0 :
+
+        if status != 0:
             raise InvocationException(
                 'Program terminated with status: %d. stderr follows: %s' % (
-                    status, stderr_output) )
+                    status, stderr_output))
         elif stderr_output:
-            print stderr_output
-        
+            print(stderr_output)
+
         # For each of the image files...
-        #
         for img in self.shape_files:
-        
+
             # remove it
-            #
-            os.unlink( os.path.join( tmp_dir, os.path.basename(img) ) )
+            os.unlink(os.path.join(tmp_dir, os.path.basename(img)))
 
         os.unlink(tmp_name)
-        
-        return stdout_output
 
+        return stdout_output
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 27328d8..92890d7 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
-try:
-    from distutils.core import setup
-except ImportError, excp:
-    from setuptools import setup
-    
+from setuptools import setup
 import pydot
 import os